{"id":992,"date":"2024-04-29T09:55:49","date_gmt":"2024-04-29T12:55:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/?p=992"},"modified":"2024-04-29T09:55:49","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T12:55:49","slug":"newsletter-abril-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/2024\/04\/29\/newsletter-abril-2024\/","title":{"rendered":"NEWSLETTER ABRIL\/2024"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00c1TEDRA JEAN MONNET UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERL\u00c2NDIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/strong>PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEWSLETTER \u2013 ABRIL\/2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/strong>COORDENA\u00c7\u00c3O: <\/strong>PROFA. CLAUDIA LOUREIRO <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ORGANIZA\u00c7\u00c3O: <\/strong>DANIEL URIAS PEREIRA FEITOZA; PEDRO LUCCHETTI<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRADU\u00c7\u00c3O: <\/strong>PEDRO LUCCHETTI<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REVIS\u00c3O: <\/strong>DANIEL URIAS PEREIRA FEITOZA<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOT\u00cdCIAS DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

EIXO: <\/strong>TRANSHUMANIDADE<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REGULAMENTA\u00c7\u00c3O DA INTELIG\u00caNCIA ARTIFICIAL PELA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marlon Ant\u00f4nio Rosa<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em 13 de mar\u00e7o de 2024, o Parlamento Europeu aprovou a Artificial Intelligence Act<\/em>, legisla\u00e7\u00e3o que tem como objetivo principal proteger os direitos fundamentais, a democracia, o Estado de Direito e a sustentabilidade, ao mesmo tempo em que promove a seguran\u00e7a e a inova\u00e7\u00e3o no uso da Intelig\u00eancia Artificial (IA) na Europa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Algumas das principais medidas e proibi\u00e7\u00f5es estipuladas pela regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o incluem: Proibi\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas de IA que ameacem os direitos dos cidad\u00e3os, como sistemas de categoriza\u00e7\u00e3o biom\u00e9trica baseados em caracter\u00edsticas sens\u00edveis e a coleta n\u00e3o direcionada de imagens faciais na Internet ou de c\u00e2meras de vigil\u00e2ncia para criar bases de dados de reconhecimento facial. Proibi\u00e7\u00e3o de certas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de IA, como o reconhecimento de emo\u00e7\u00f5es no local de trabalho e nas escolas, pontua\u00e7\u00e3o social, policiamento preditivo (baseado exclusivamente no perfil ou caracter\u00edsticas de uma pessoa) e IA que manipula o comportamento humano ou explora vulnerabilidades das pessoas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A regula\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m traz requisitos de transpar\u00eancia para sistemas de IA de uso geral (GPAI), com conformidade a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o de direitos autorais da UE e publica\u00e7\u00e3o de resumos detalhados do conte\u00fado usado para treinamento, sendo que os modelos mais poderosos enfrentar\u00e3o requisitos adicionais, como avalia\u00e7\u00f5es de modelos e relat\u00f3rios sobre incidentes. Outro ponto \u00e9 a necessidade de rotulagem clara de conte\u00fado artificial ou manipulado, como “deepfakes”<\/em>, para informar os usu\u00e1rios sobre sua natureza modificada. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ap\u00f3s aprova\u00e7\u00e3o, a nova legisla\u00e7\u00e3o da UE est\u00e1 sujeita a uma verifica\u00e7\u00e3o final jurista-lingu\u00edstica e requer ainda aprova\u00e7\u00e3o pelo Conselho da UE. A lei entrar\u00e1 em vigor, com implementa\u00e7\u00e3o gradual, come\u00e7ando pelas pr\u00e1ticas proibidas em seis meses e pelas regras de IA para fins gerais em 12 meses. Essa legisla\u00e7\u00e3o representa um marco na garantia de uso da IA de maneira \u00e9tica, segura e respons\u00e1vel na Uni\u00e3o Europeia, visando proteger os direitos dos cidad\u00e3os e promover a confian\u00e7a na inova\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEWS EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law\u200b\u200b.<\/strong> Dispon\u00edvel em:https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/press-room\/20240308IPR19015\/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BY THE EUROPEAN UNION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marlon Ant\u00f4nio Rosa<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On March 13, 2024, the European Parliament approved the Artificial Intelligence Act, legislation aimed primarily at protecting fundamental rights, democracy, the rule of law, and sustainability while promoting security and innovation in the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Europe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of the key measures and prohibitions stipulated by the regulation include: Prohibition of AI practices that threaten citizens’ rights, such as biometric categorization systems based on sensitive characteristics and the non-targeted collection of facial images from the Internet or surveillance cameras to create facial recognition databases. Prohibition of certain AI applications, such as emotion recognition in the workplace and schools, social scoring, predictive policing (based solely on a person’s profile or characteristics), and AI that manipulates human behavior or exploits people’s vulnerabilities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The regulation also introduces transparency requirements for General Purpose AI (GPAI) systems, including compliance with EU copyright legislation and the publication of detailed summaries of the content used for training, with more powerful models facing additional requirements such as model assessments and incident reporting. Another point is the need for clear labeling of artificial or manipulated content, such as “deepfakes,” to inform users about its modified nature. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upon approval, the new EU legislation is subject to final jurist-linguistic verification and still requires approval by the EU Council. The law will come into effect, with gradual implementation starting with prohibited practices in six months and AI rules for general purposes in 12 months. This legislation represents a milestone in ensuring the ethical, safe, and responsible use of AI in the European Union, aiming to protect citizens’ rights and promote trust in technological innovation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFERENCES: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEWS EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law\u200b\u200b.<\/strong> Dispon\u00edvel em:https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/press-room\/20240308IPR19015\/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRIBUNAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA E PROTE\u00c7\u00c3O DE DADOS PESSOAIS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberta Soeiro de Moraes Souza<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Tribunal de Justi\u00e7a da Uni\u00e3o Europeia (TJUE) desempenha um papel fundamental na interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da legisla\u00e7\u00e3o da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, buscando harmonizar as leis e proteger as institui\u00e7\u00f5es da UE. Al\u00e9m de resolver disputas entre governos nacionais e institui\u00e7\u00f5es europeias, o TJUE tamb\u00e9m atua em casos envolvendo empresas, organiza\u00e7\u00f5es e indiv\u00edduos. Ele funciona como um mecanismo judicial acess\u00edvel para garantir a justi\u00e7a e a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o adequada dos direitos dentro do quadro jur\u00eddico da UE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em 7 de mar\u00e7o de 2024, o Tribunal de Justi\u00e7a emitiu uma decis\u00e3o sobre a Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de Dados Pessoais. Trata-se de um caso envolvendo a \u2018IAB Europe<\/em>\u2019, uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o que estabelece padr\u00f5es para o processamento de consentimento de usu\u00e1rios dentro do ecossistema de marketing e publicidade digital. Tendo-se como premissa se uma sequ\u00eancia de letras e caracteres, chamada de Sequ\u00eancia de Transpar\u00eancia e Consentimento (TC String), constitu\u00eda dados pessoais, e se a IAB Europe deveria ser considerada uma controladora de dados. O Tribunal determinou que a TC String cont\u00e9m informa\u00e7\u00f5es suficientes para identificar um usu\u00e1rio e, portanto, comp\u00f5e dados pessoais. Mesmo que a IAB Europe n\u00e3o tenha acesso direto aos dados processados por seus membros, ela \u00e9 considerada respons\u00e1vel pelo processamento subsequente dos dados por terceiros. Al\u00e9m disso, o Tribunal decidiu que a IAB Europe pode ser considerada uma controladora conjunta, pois influencia o processamento de dados para seus pr\u00f3prios fins e determina os prop\u00f3sitos e meios desse processamento em conjunto com seus membros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Essa decis\u00e3o \u00e9 administrativa e est\u00e1 sujeita a recurso, por\u00e9m, abre-se mais um cap\u00edtulo na mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o de viola\u00e7\u00f5es de dados de acesso em um mundo cada vez mais virtualizado, al\u00e9m da disciplinariza\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos dos titulares dos dados, bem como de seu exerc\u00edcio nacional e internacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No direito da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, a prote\u00e7\u00e3o de dados \u00e9 reconhecida enquanto direito fundamental e em 1981, a Conven\u00e7\u00e3o para prote\u00e7\u00e3o das pessoas relativamente ao tratamento automatizado de dados de car\u00e1ter pessoal (Conven\u00e7\u00e3o 108) do Conselho da Europa (CdE) \u00e9 considerada pioneira, sendo um instrumento juridicamente vinculativo, que regula expressamente esse tema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tal Conven\u00e7\u00e3o dedica o direito das pessoas de estar cientes da exist\u00eancia de informa\u00e7\u00f5es armazenadas sobre elas e, se necess\u00e1rio, de solicitar corre\u00e7\u00f5es. Restri\u00e7\u00f5es aos direitos estabelecidos na Conven\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o permitidas apenas em casos em que interesses superiores, como a seguran\u00e7a do Estado, estejam em jogo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A partir do Tratado de Lisboa em 2007, a prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos dados pessoais torna-se, por sua vez, um direito fundamental, consagrado no Tratado sobre o funcionamento da Uni\u00e3o Europeia e na Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da Uni\u00e3o Europeia. Assim, em seu artigo 8\u00ba, a Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais define que todas as pessoas det\u00eam o direito \u00e0 prote\u00e7\u00e3o de dados que lhes digam respeito e de consentir com os dados coligidos que lhe digam respeito e de obter sua retifica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Regulamento Geral sobre a Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de Dados (RGPD) foi adotado em 2016, e entrou em vigor em 2018, provendo um arcabou\u00e7o legal de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de dados aplic\u00e1vel a todas as empresas, operantes na regi\u00e3o, independentemente do lugar onde estiverem estabelecidas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uma demanda por uma legisla\u00e7\u00e3o unificada mostra-se imperativa n\u00e3o s\u00f3 para o desenvolvimento da economia digital, mas tamb\u00e9m promove maior seguran\u00e7a no tratamento de dados nacionais e transfronteiri\u00e7os.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS<\/strong>:
<\/strong>CONSELHO EUROPEU, CONSELHO DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA. Manual da Legisla\u00e7\u00e3o Europeia sobre Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de Dados. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16806ae65f. Acessado em: 21 de mar\u00e7o de 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de dados na UE<\/em>. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/pt\/policies\/data-protection\/. Acessado em: 21 de mar\u00e7o de 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRIBUNAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA. Julgamento da Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de Dados Pessoais do Tribunal de Justi\u00e7a (Quarta C\u00e2mara). Resumo Mensal de Jurisprud\u00eancia \u2013 Mar\u00e7o 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/curia.europa.eu\/jcms\/upload\/ docs\/application\/pdf\/2024-04\/bulletin_en_-_03_2024.pdf. Acessado em: 21 de mar\u00e7o de 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberta Soeiro de Moraes Souza<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) plays a fundamental role in interpreting and applying European Union legislation, seeking to harmonize laws and protect EU institutions. In addition to resolving disputes between national governments and European institutions, the ECJ also deals with cases involving businesses, organizations, and individuals. It serves as an accessible judicial mechanism to ensure justice and proper enforcement of rights within the EU legal framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On March 7, 2024, the Court of Justice issued a decision regarding Personal Data Protection. This case involved ‘IAB Europe,’ an organization that sets standards for user consent processing within the digital marketing and advertising ecosystem. The premise was whether a sequence of letters and characters, known as the Transparency and Consent (TC) String, constituted personal data, and if IAB Europe should be considered a data controller. The Court determined that the TC String contains sufficient information to identify a user and therefore constitutes personal data. Even though IAB Europe does not have direct access to the data processed by its members, it is considered responsible for the subsequent data processing by third parties. Additionally, the Court decided that IAB Europe can be considered a joint controller as it influences data processing for its own purposes and determines the purposes and means of this processing jointly with its members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This decision is administrative and subject to appeal; however, it opens another chapter in the mitigation of data access violations in an increasingly virtualized world. It also contributes to the regulation of data subjects’ rights, as well as their national and international exercise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In European Union law, data protection is recognized as a fundamental right. In 1981, the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Convention 108) of the Council of Europe (CoE) was considered a pioneer, being a legally binding instrument that expressly regulates this topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Convention dedicates the right of individuals to be aware of the existence of information stored about them and, if necessary, to request corrections. Restrictions on the rights established in the Convention are only permitted in cases where higher interests, such as state security, are at stake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starting with the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, the protection of personal data became a fundamental right, enshrined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. It is noted that in Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, it defines that everyone has the right to the protection of personal data and to grant consent to the collection of data concerning themselves, as well as the right to obtain its rectification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was adopted in 2016 and came into effect in 2018, providing a legal framework for data protection applicable to all companies operating in the region, regardless of where they are established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A demand for unified legislation is imperative not only for the development of the digital economy but also promotes greater security in the treatment of national and cross-border data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>CONSELHO EUROPEU, CONSELHO DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA. Manual da Legisla\u00e7\u00e3o Europeia sobre Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de Dados. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16806ae65f. Acessado em: 21 de mar\u00e7o de 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de dados na UE<\/em>. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/pt\/policies\/data-protection\/. Acessado em: 21 de mar\u00e7o de 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRIBUNAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA. Julgamento da Prote\u00e7\u00e3o de Dados Pessoais do Tribunal de Justi\u00e7a (Quarta C\u00e2mara). Resumo Mensal de Jurisprud\u00eancia \u2013 Mar\u00e7o 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/curia.europa.eu\/jcms\/upload\/ docs\/application\/pdf\/2024-04\/bulletin_en_-_03_2024.pdf. Acessado em: 21 de mar\u00e7o de 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marcela Bittencourt Brey<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Conselho e o Parlamento da Uni\u00e3o Europeia chegaram, em dezembro de 2023, a um consenso hist\u00f3rico ao firmarem acordo sobre as primeiras regras mundiais em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao uso da intelig\u00eancia artificial. Revisado em fevereiro de 2024, o Artificial Intelligence Act <\/em>foi submetido ao Parlamento Europeu e tem como objetivo principal garantir que os sistemas de intelig\u00eancia artificial colocados em uso na Uni\u00e3o Europeia sejam seguros e respeitem os direitos fundamentais do cidad\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No dia 13 de mar\u00e7o de 2024, os deputados aprovaram a Lei de Intelig\u00eancia Artificial, sendo esta considerada um marco na prote\u00e7\u00e3o de direitos fundamentais e inova\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A intelig\u00eancia artificial suscita questionamentos da comunidade internacional quanto ao seu uso desenfreado \u2013 que pode ferir direitos de minorias, com vieses <\/em>discriminat\u00f3rios relativos a ra\u00e7a, g\u00eanero, etnia, idade, classe social, orienta\u00e7\u00e3o sexual, convic\u00e7\u00f5es religiosas etc. \u2013 e a complexidade dessa tem\u00e1tica, por conseguinte, exige o equil\u00edbrio entre a inova\u00e7\u00e3o e o respeito aos direitos fundamentais. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muito embora a lei ainda n\u00e3o esteja em vigor, tendo em vista que o Artificial Intelligence Act <\/em>necessita seguir alguns tr\u00e2mites finais, como revis\u00e3o jur\u00eddico-lingu\u00edstica, espera-se que o texto seja adotado antes do final da legislatura (atrav\u00e9s do chamado procedimento de retifica\u00e7\u00e3o). A lei tamb\u00e9m precisa ser formalmente aprovada pelo Conselho da Uni\u00e3o Europeia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cabe ressaltar de forma suscinta, alguns pontos do Artificial Intelligence Act:<\/em> a) a prote\u00e7\u00e3o do uso da IA de forma geral; b) o uso de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o biom\u00e9trica nos espa\u00e7os p\u00fablicos, usada de forma limitada pelas autoridades policiais; c) a proibi\u00e7\u00e3o de pontua\u00e7\u00f5es sociais e do uso da IA como forma de manipular ou explorar as vulnerabilidades dos usu\u00e1rios; d) a prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos dos consumidores, a transpar\u00eancia, e o direito de efetuar reclama\u00e7\u00f5es e obter explica\u00e7\u00f5es. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Observa-se, tamb\u00e9m, um movimento global em prol do desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel para todos no campo da IA. A Assembleia Geral das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas no dia 11 de mar\u00e7o de 2024 adotou um projeto de resolu\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica (A\/78\/L.49) sobre a promo\u00e7\u00e3o de sistemas de intelig\u00eancia artificial seguros, protegidos e confi\u00e1veis. O texto foi aprovado por mais de 120 pa\u00edses, dentre eles, o Brasil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Council. Council of the European Union. Press releases. Artificial intelligence act.: Council and Parliament strike a deal on the first rules for AI in the world. <\/strong>9 dezembro 2023. Atualizado em 02 de fevereiro de 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/press\/press-releases\/2023\/12\/09\/artificial-intelligence-act-council-and-parliament-strike-a-deal-on-the-first-worldwide-rules-for-ai\/. Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Parliament. Lei de Intelig\u00eancia Artificial<\/strong>. 13 de mar\u00e7o de 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2024-0138_EN.html. Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

United Nations. General Assembly. Seventy-eight session. A\/78\/L.49. 11 mar. 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F78%2FL.49&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False . Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

United Nations. UN News. General Assembly adopts landmark resolution on artificial intelligence. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2024\/03\/1147831?_gl=1*1mw18xk*_ga*MTA4NzMwODIwNC4xNzEwOTcwNTcz*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxMzI3MjMzMC4zLjAuMTcxMzI3MjM0MC4wLjAuMA.Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marcela Bittencourt Brey<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Council and the Parliament of the European Union reached a historic consensus in December 2023 by signing an agreement on the world’s first rules regarding the use of artificial intelligence. Revised in February 2024, the Artificial Intelligence Act was submitted to the European Parliament and aims primarily to ensure that artificial intelligence systems deployed in the European Union are safe and respect the fundamental rights of citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On March 13, 2024, Members of the European Parliament approved the Artificial Intelligence Act. It is considered a milestone in protecting fundamental rights and technological innovation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Artificial intelligence raises questions from the international community regarding its uncontrolled use, which can harm the rights of minorities with discriminatory biases based on race, gender, ethnicity, age, social class, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, and so on. The complexity of this issue therefore requires a balance between innovation and respect for fundamental rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even though the law is not yet in effect, as the Artificial Intelligence Act still needs to go through some final procedures such as legal-linguistic review, it is expected that the text will be adopted before the end of the legislature (through the so-called rectification procedure). The law also needs to be formally approved by the Council of the European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is worth mentioning succinctly some points of the Artificial Intelligence Act: a) the protection of AI use in general; b) the limited use of biometric identification in public spaces, used sparingly by law enforcement authorities; c) the prohibition of social scores and the use of AI to manipulate or exploit user vulnerabilities; d) the protection of consumer rights, transparency, and the right to lodge complaints and obtain explanations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is also a global movement towards sustainable development for all regarding AI. The United Nations General Assembly on March 11, 2024, adopted a historic resolution (A\/78\/L.49) on promoting safe, secure, and reliable artificial intelligence systems. The text was approved by more than 120 countries, including Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Council. Council of the European Union. Press releases. Artificial intelligence act.: Council and Parliament strike a deal on the first rules for AI in the world. <\/strong>9 dezembro 2023. Atualizado em 02 de fevereiro de 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/press\/press-releases\/2023\/12\/09\/artificial-intelligence-act-council-and-parliament-strike-a-deal-on-the-first-worldwide-rules-for-ai\/. Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Parliament. Lei de Intelig\u00eancia Artificial<\/strong>. 13 de mar\u00e7o de 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2024-0138_EN.html. Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

United Nations. General Assembly. Seventy-eight session. A\/78\/L.49. 11 mar. 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F78%2FL.49&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False . Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

United Nations. UN News. General Assembly adopts landmark resolution on artificial intelligence. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2024\/03\/1147831?_gl=1*1mw18xk*_ga*MTA4NzMwODIwNC4xNzEwOTcwNTcz*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcxMzI3MjMzMC4zLjAuMTcxMzI3MjM0MC4wLjAuMA. Acesso em: 16 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EIXO: <\/strong>CIDADANIA GLOBAL<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PARLAMENTO EUROPEU APROVA NOVO PACTO SOBRE MIGRA\u00c7\u00c3O E ASILO NA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marlon Ant\u00f4nio Rosa<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Europa somente em 2023 recebeu aproximadamente 1,14 milh\u00f5es de pedidos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o internacional e registou 380 mil passagens irregulares de fronteiras, metade das quais atrav\u00e9s da rota central do Mar Mediterr\u00e2neo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diante dessa explos\u00e3o de migra\u00e7\u00f5es em seu territ\u00f3rio, no dia 10 de abril de 2024, ap\u00f3s anos de debates, o Parlamento Europeu aprovou uma s\u00e9rie de textos legislativos, conforme acordado com os Estados-Membros da UE em dezembro de 2023, para reformar a pol\u00edtica europeia de migra\u00e7\u00e3o e asilo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As medidas incluem promover a solidariedade entre os Estados-Membros para lidar com press\u00f5es migrat\u00f3rias, atualizar as regras de responsabilidade para an\u00e1lise de pedidos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o internacional, estabelecer procedimentos mais r\u00e1pidos e uniformes para pedidos de asilo, e garantir condi\u00e7\u00f5es adequadas de acolhimento e reinstala\u00e7\u00e3o humanit\u00e1ria. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As cinco leis que comp\u00f5em o Pacto s\u00e3o:  1 – O Regulamento de Triagem: estabelece um processo pr\u00e9vio de an\u00e1lise para os requerentes de asilo, incluindo a coleta de dados b\u00e1sicos e verifica\u00e7\u00f5es de sa\u00fade e seguran\u00e7a. 2 – O Regulamento Eurodac: atualiza uma vasta base de dados para evitar m\u00faltiplas candidaturas e reduzir a idade m\u00ednima para coleta de impress\u00f5es digitais. 3 – O Regulamento sobre Procedimentos de Asilo: oferece duas op\u00e7\u00f5es para os requerentes, um procedimento tradicional e um acelerado para casos espec\u00edficos, como amea\u00e7as \u00e0 seguran\u00e7a nacional. 4 – O Regulamento de Gest\u00e3o do Asilo e da Migra\u00e7\u00e3o estabelece a implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de um sistema de “solidariedade obrigat\u00f3ria”, que requer que os Estados-membros assumam responsabilidade na gest\u00e3o dos fluxos migrat\u00f3rios. 5 – O Regulamento de Crise: prev\u00ea medidas excecionais para situa\u00e7\u00f5es de crise, como chegadas massivas de refugiados ou emerg\u00eancias como a pandemia de Covid-19, permitindo a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas mais rigorosas e a solicita\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio adicional da Comiss\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As leis entrar\u00e3o em vigor em at\u00e9 dois anos, com prazos espec\u00edficos para implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de cada regulamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

EURONEWS. Parlamento Europeu aprova novo pacto sobre migra\u00e7\u00e3o e asilo da UE. <\/strong>Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/pt.euronews.com\/my-europe\/2024\/04\/10\/parlamento-europeu-aprova-novo-pacto-sobre-migracao-e-asilo-da-ue. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CONSELHO EUROPEU. Pacto em mat\u00e9ria de Migra\u00e7\u00e3o e Asilo – Consilium.<\/strong> Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/pt\/policies\/eu-migration-policy\/eu-migration-asylum-reform-pact\/. Acesso em 22 abr. 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT APPROVES NEW MIGRATION AND ASYLUM PACT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marlon Ant\u00f4nio Rosa<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only in 2023, Europe received approximately 1.14 million requests for international protection and recorded 380,000 irregular border crossings, half of which occurred through the central Mediterranean route. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with this surge in migration to its territory, on April 10, 2024, after years of debate, the European Parliament approved a series of legislative texts, as agreed with the EU Member States in December 2023, to reform the European migration and asylum policy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measures include promoting solidarity among Member States to address migratory pressures, updating responsibility rules for the analysis of requests for international protection, establishing faster and more uniform asylum procedures, and ensuring adequate reception conditions and humanitarian resettlement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The five laws composing the Pact are: 1 – The Screening Regulation: establishes a preliminary analysis process for asylum seekers, including the collection of basic data and health and safety checks. 2 – The Eurodac Regulation: updates a vast database to prevent multiple applications and reduces the minimum age for fingerprint collection. 3 – The Asylum Procedures Regulation: offers two options for applicants, a traditional procedure and an accelerated one for specific cases, such as threats to national security. 4 – The Asylum and Migration Management Regulation establishes the implementation of a “mandatory solidarity” system, which requires Member States to take responsibility for managing migration flows. 5 – The Crisis Regulation: provides exceptional measures for crisis situations, such as massive refugee arrivals or emergencies like the Covid-19 pandemic, allowing for the application of stricter measures and the request for additional support from the Commission. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The laws will come into effect within two years, with specific deadlines for the implementation of each regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EIXO: <\/strong>MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRIBUNAL EUROPEU CONDENA SU\u00cd\u00c7A POR FALHAS NO COMBATE \u00c0S MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martina Batista de Carvalho<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u00edcia de Almeida Maestri<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

No in\u00edcio deste m\u00eas de abril, a Corte Europeia se pronunciou sobre tr\u00eas casos relacionados \u00e0s mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas. Sendo as partes requeridas, Portugal; Fran\u00e7a e Su\u00ed\u00e7a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os casos s\u00e3o: 1) Duarte Agostinho e outros x Portugal e outros 32 pa\u00edses: ap\u00f3s os tr\u00e1gicos inc\u00eandios em Portugal em 2017, Sofia e outros cinco jovens processaram todos os pa\u00edses da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, Noruega, Su\u00ed\u00e7a, Turquia, Reino Unido e R\u00fassia, por ina\u00e7\u00e3o clim\u00e1tica, alegando contribui\u00e7\u00e3o para o aquecimento global; 2) Car\u00eame x Fran\u00e7a: Damien Car\u00eame, ex-prefeito ecologista de Grande-Synthe, processou a Fran\u00e7a por insufici\u00eancia de medidas contra as mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas, argumentando viola\u00e7\u00f5es dos direitos \u00e0 vida privada e familiar e 3) Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz e outros x Su\u00ed\u00e7a: A associa\u00e7\u00e3o \u201cIdosos pela Prote\u00e7\u00e3o do Clima\u201d processou a Su\u00ed\u00e7a, alegando ina\u00e7\u00e3o clim\u00e1tica das autoridades su\u00ed\u00e7as. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O tribunal pleno, composto por 17 ju\u00edzes, rejeitou os dois primeiros casos sem analisar o m\u00e9rito, devido a falhas processuais. O Destaque fica, portanto, para o caso Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz e outros x Su\u00ed\u00e7a, em que o tribunal condenou o governo por n\u00e3o tomar medidas adequadas contra as mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas. Os ju\u00edzes determinaram, como senten\u00e7a, que a Su\u00ed\u00e7a adote medidas para combater o aquecimento global. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O tribunal considerou que houve viola\u00e7\u00f5es do artigo 8 (direito ao respeito pela vida privada e familiar) e do Artigo 6 \u00a7 1 (direito a um julgamento justo\/acesso ao tribunal), ambos da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Europeia. Concluiu-se que o artigo 8 da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o abrange o direito \u00e0 prote\u00e7\u00e3o efetiva por parte das autoridades estatais contra os graves efeitos adversos das altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas nas vidas, na sa\u00fade, no bem-estar e na qualidade de vida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No entanto, considerou que os quatro requerentes individuais que pleitearam junto \u00e0 associa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o preenchiam os crit\u00e9rios de estatuto de v\u00edtima nos termos do artigo 34 da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o e declararam as suas queixas inadmiss\u00edveis. A associa\u00e7\u00e3o requerente, pelo contr\u00e1rio, tinha o direito (locus standi<\/em>) de apresentar uma reclama\u00e7\u00e3o relativa \u00e0s amea\u00e7as decorrentes das altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas em face do Estado, em nome daqueles indiv\u00edduos que poderiam alegadamente alegar estar sujeitos a amea\u00e7as ou efeitos adversos das altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas na sua vida, sa\u00fade, bem-estar e qualidade de vida protegida pela Conven\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em termos, o Tribunal concluiu que a Su\u00ed\u00e7a n\u00e3o cumpriu os seus deveres, nos termos da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o, relativamente \u00e0s altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas e de propiciar o acesso \u00e0 justi\u00e7a. Esta decis\u00e3o pode incentivar mais a\u00e7\u00f5es legais contra governos em quest\u00e3o clim\u00e1ticas, pressionando-os a agir mais decisivamente contra as mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Factsheet \u2013 Climate change <\/strong>| ECHR, April 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/fs_climate_change_eng. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Grand Chamber rulings in the climate change cases – ECHR<\/strong>, 09 abr. 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em:https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/w\/grand-chamber-rulings-in-the-climate-change-cases. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EUROPEAN COURT CONDEMNS SWITZERLAND FOR FAILURES IN COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martina Batista de Carvalho <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u00edcia de Almeida Maestri<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the beginning of this month, the European Court ruled three cases on the topic of climate change. The requested parties were, Portugal; France and Switzerland. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cases are: 1) Duarte Agostinho and others x Portugal and 32 other countries: After the devastating wildfires in Portugal in 2017, Sofia and five other youths sued all EU countries, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, the UK, and Russia for climate inaction, alleging contribution to global warming; 2) Car\u00eame x France: Damien Car\u00eame, former ecologist mayor of Grande-Synthe, sued France for insufficient climate change measures, arguing violations of the rights to private and family life and 3) Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz et al x Switzerland: The association “Seniors for Climate Protection” sued Switzerland, alleging climate inaction by Swiss authorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The Grand Chamber comprises 17 judges, an all, dismissed the first two cases on procedural grounds without examining the merits. The highlight is, however, the case of Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz et al v. Switzerland. In this, it considered, by a majority, that there was a violation of Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life) and, unanimously, that there was a violation of Article 6 \u00a7 1 (right to a fair trial\/access to court), both Convention. The Court concluded that Article 8 of the Convention covers the right to effective protection by state authorities against the serious adverse effects of climate change on lives, health, well-being, and quality of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, it considered that the four individual applicants who applied to the association did not meet the criteria for victim status under article 34 of the Convention and declared their complaints inadmissible. The requesting association, on the other hand, had the right (locus standi) to present a complaint regarding threats arising from climate change to the State, on behalf of those individuals who could allegedly claim to be subject to threats or adverse effects of climate change in their life, health, well-being, and quality of life protected by the Convention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Therefore, the Court concluded that Switzerland failed to fulfill its obligations under the Convention regarding climate change and to provide access to justice. This decision could encourage more legal actions against governments on climate issues, pressuring them to act more decisively against climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Factsheet \u2013 Climate change <\/strong>| ECHR, April 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/fs_climate_change_eng. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Grand Chamber rulings in the climate change cases – ECHR<\/strong>, 09 abr. 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em:https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/w\/grand-chamber-rulings-in-the-climate-change-cases. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOT\u00cdCIAS DA CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

EIXO: <\/strong>TRANSHUMANIDADE<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O ATUAL EXERC\u00cdCIO JURISDICIONAL DA CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thiago Giovani Romero<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em 5 de abril de 2024, a Corte Internacional de Justi\u00e7a anunciou que a Col\u00f4mbia invocou a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e Puni\u00e7\u00e3o do Crime de Genoc\u00eddio na Faixa de Gaza (\u00c1frica do Sul vs. Israel) perante a Corte. Assim, a Col\u00f4mbia fundamenta sua interven\u00e7\u00e3o com base no Artigo 63 do Estatuto da Corte, invocando seu status como parte da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o de Genoc\u00eddio. A declara\u00e7\u00e3o de interven\u00e7\u00e3o destaca a import\u00e2ncia da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o de Genoc\u00eddio como um instrumento fundamental do direito internacional e ressalta a relev\u00e2ncia das obriga\u00e7\u00f5es erga omnes<\/em> e erga omnes partes<\/em> no contexto do tratado. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u00e9m disso, o peticionamento colombiano suscita quest\u00f5es cruciais relacionadas \u00e0 interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o das disposi\u00e7\u00f5es da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o de Genoc\u00eddio, as quais s\u00e3o consideradas obriga\u00e7\u00f5es tanto para a comunidade internacional como um todo, quanto para os Estados partes do tratado. A possibilidade de interven\u00e7\u00e3o de terceiros Estados em casos que envolvem a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de conven\u00e7\u00f5es das quais n\u00e3o s\u00e3o partes diretas \u00e9 um aspecto relevante do sistema jur\u00eddico internacional, visando garantir a efetividade e a legitimidade das decis\u00f5es judiciais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outro caso que merece destaque foi a solicita\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas provis\u00f3rias pela Nicar\u00e1gua, visando a suspens\u00e3o do apoio militar a Israel pela Alemanha, levantando debates sobre a responsabilidade dos Estados em evitar viola\u00e7\u00f5es graves do direito internacional. Por outro lado, a posi\u00e7\u00e3o da Alemanha em rejeitar as medidas provis\u00f3rias e buscar a remo\u00e7\u00e3o do caso da lista geral do Tribunal ressalta a complexidade e sensibilidade das rela\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais e do sistema judici\u00e1rio internacional. Este caso ilustra a import\u00e2ncia do ICJ como \u00f3rg\u00e3o judicial principal das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas na resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de disputas entre Estados e na promo\u00e7\u00e3o do respeito ao direito internacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por fim, deve-se ficar atento ao caso “Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional sobre a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de Todas as Formas de Discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o Racial” entre Arm\u00eania e Azerbaij\u00e3o. O Azerbaij\u00e3o levantou obje\u00e7\u00f5es preliminares durante as audi\u00eancias p\u00fablicas, buscando a rejei\u00e7\u00e3o da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da Arm\u00eania e questionando a jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o da Corte sobre as alega\u00e7\u00f5es. O processo teve in\u00edcio em setembro de 2021, e as partes apresentaram suas observa\u00e7\u00f5es, aguardando a decis\u00e3o da CIJ, que ser\u00e1 anunciada em uma sess\u00e3o p\u00fablica posteriormente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

INTERNACIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. ICJ. Press realizes; mailing list<\/strong>, 2024 April. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/index.php\/mailing-list. Acesso em: 21 de abril de 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

THE CURRENT JURISDICTIONAL EXERCISE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thiago Giovani Romero<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On April 5, 2024, the International Court of Justice announced that Colombia invoked the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa vs. Israel) before the Court. Thus, Colombia bases its intervention on Article 63 of the Court’s Statute, invoking its status as a party to the Genocide Convention. The intervention statement highlights the importance of the Genocide Convention as a fundamental instrument of international law and underscores the relevance of erga omnes and erga omnes partes obligations in the context of the treaty. Additionally, Colombia’s petition raises crucial issues related to the interpretation and application of the provisions of the Genocide Convention, which are considered obligations for both the international community as a whole and the treaty’s party states. The possibility of intervention by third States in cases involving the interpretation of conventions to which they are not direct parties is a relevant aspect of the international legal system, aiming to ensure the effectiveness and legitimacy of judicial decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another noteworthy case was the request for provisional measures by Nicaragua, aiming to suspend military support to Israel by Germany, sparking debates about the responsibility of States to prevent serious violations of international law. On the other hand, Germany’s position in rejecting provisional measures and seeking to remove the case from the Court’s general list highlights the complexity and sensitivity of international relations and the international judicial system. This case illustrates the importance of the ICJ as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations in resolving disputes between States and promoting respect for international law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, attention should be paid to the case “Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination” between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan raised preliminary objections during the public hearings, seeking the rejection of Armenia’s application and questioning the Court’s jurisdiction over the allegations. The process began in September 2021, and the parties have submitted their observations, awaiting the decision of the ICJ, which will be announced in a subsequent public session.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

INTERNACIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. ICJ. Press realizes; mailing list<\/strong>, 2024 April. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/index.php\/mailing-list. Acesso em: 21 de abril de 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOT\u00cdCIAS DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

EIXO: <\/strong>CIDADANIA GLOBAL<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O CUMPRIMENTO DE SENTEN\u00c7A DO \u201cCASO ALMEIDA\u201d PELA ARGENTINA E O AVAN\u00c7O NAS REPARA\u00c7\u00d5ES DE PER\u00cdODOS DE DITADURA NA AM\u00c9RICA LATINA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taciana Cec\u00edlia Ramos <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       A Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Corte IDH) informou que a Argentina cumpriu as determina\u00e7\u00f5es da Senten\u00e7a de 17 de novembro de 2020, um avan\u00e7o para a Justi\u00e7a de Transi\u00e7\u00e3o na Am\u00e9rica Latina. No denominado \u201cCaso Almeida\u201d, o senhor Almeida e sua esposa Claudia Graciela Esteves foram sequestrados por integrantes das For\u00e7as Armadas e de seguran\u00e7a argentina em 1978 e permaneceram 54 dias desaparecidos e detidos em um campo clandestino, onde foram torturados. Embora eles tenham sido liberados, as duas v\u00edtimas foram postas em \u201cregime de liberdade vigiada de fato\u201d, que perdurou at\u00e9 30 de abril de 1983. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          O Estado argentino aprovou a Lei n\u00ba. 24.043, de 27 de novembro de 1991, para outorgar benef\u00edcios \u00e0s pessoas que tinham sido postas \u00e0 disposi\u00e7\u00e3o do Poder Executivo Nacional durante o estado de s\u00edtio ou que, sendo civis, tinham sofrido deten\u00e7\u00e3o em virtude de atos emanados por tribunais militares. Em 1995, o senhor Almeida solicitou esses benef\u00edcios legais e obteve o reconhecimento de uma indeniza\u00e7\u00e3o pelo tempo que esteve no campo de deten\u00e7\u00e3o ilegal, mas sem ter a considera\u00e7\u00e3o do tempo de regime de liberdade vigiada de fato. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

           Esta interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o foi modificada posteriormente em sede judicial, contudo foram rejeitados os recursos que o senhor Almeida interp\u00f4s para a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o desses crit\u00e9rios nos tribunais internos. Essas viola\u00e7\u00f5es de garantias e de prote\u00e7\u00e3o judiciais, bem como de igualdade formal (artigos 1.1, 2,  8.1, 24 e 25.1 da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Americana), resultaram na mencionada condena\u00e7\u00e3o argentina pela Corte IDH. Ademais, a Corte imp\u00f4s cinco medidas de repara\u00e7\u00e3o, entre elas o pagamento da indeniza\u00e7\u00e3o por tempo de deten\u00e7\u00e3o ilegal e de regime de liberdade vigiada de fato e a garantia administrativa da revis\u00e3o da situa\u00e7\u00e3o das pessoas que se encontravam na mesma situa\u00e7\u00e3o f\u00e1tica do senhor Almeida e que assim o solicitem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. Argentina cumpli\u00f3 com la  Sentencia del Caso Almeida. <\/strong>San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica, 10 abr. 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/comunicados_prensa.cfm?lang=pt&n=2028. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARGENTINA\u2019S COMPLIANCE WITH THE \u201cALMEIDA CASE\u201d SENTENCE AND PROGRESS IN REPARATIONS FOR PERIODS OF DICTATORSHIP IN LATIN AMERICA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taciana Cec\u00edlia Ramos <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

             The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IDH Court) reported that Argentina complied with the determinations of the Judgment of November 17, 2020, na advance for Transitional Justice in Latin America. In the so-called \u201cAlmeida Case\u201d, Mr. Almeida and his wife Claudia Graciela Esteves were kidnapped by members of the Argentine Armed Forces and security forces in 1978 and remained missing for 54 days and detained in a clandestine camp, where they were tortured. Although they were released, the two victims were placed on \u201cde facto supervised release\u201d, which lasted until April 30, 1983.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

             The Argentine State approved Law no. 24,043, of November 27, 1991, to grant benefits to people who had been placed at the disposal of the National Executive Power during the state of siege or who, being civilians, had suffered detention due to acts issued by military courts. In 1995, Mr. Almeida requested these legal benefits and was granted compensation for the time he spent in the illegal detention camp, but without taking into account the time spent on supervised release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              This interpretation was later modified in court, however, the appeals that Mr. Almeida filed for the application of these criteria in domestic courts were rejected. These violations of judicial guarantees and protection, as well as formal equality (articles 1.1, 2, 8.1, 24 and 25.1 of the American Convention), resulted in the aforementioned Argentine conviction by the Inter-American Court. Furthermore, the Court imposed five measures of reparation, including the payment of compensation for time of illegal detention and de facto probation and the administrative guarantee of the review of the situation of people who found themselves in the same factual situation as Mr. Almeida and who so requested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EIXO: <\/strong>MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00c1TEDRA JEAN MONNET\/UFU ESTAR\u00c1 NA AUDI\u00caNCIA DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS SOBRE MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pedro Lucchetti<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em 9 de janeiro de 2023 a Rep\u00fablica do Chile e a Rep\u00fablica da Col\u00f4mbia solicitaram \u00e0 Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos um Parecer Consultivo (OC-32) questionando a Corte acerca das obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados-parte da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos Estados Americanos em respeito \u00e0 atual emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica, relacionando tais a\u00e7\u00f5es e obriga\u00e7\u00f5es com os marcos do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dessa forma, os Estados chamam a Corte para que essa possa se manifestar e estabelecer standards imediatos para que tais danos possam ser contidos, questionando qual o papel dos defensores e defensoras de Direitos Humanos, assim como o do Estado, quando se encontram \u00e0 frente de tais calamidades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assim, a Corte IDH abriu prazo de habilita\u00e7\u00e3o para Amicus Curiae <\/em>para a apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o de considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre as mat\u00e9rias, continuamente a Corte convocou audi\u00eancias a serem tratadas sobre tal tem\u00e1tica, convidando aqueles que tomaram parte do processo por interm\u00e9dio do instituto do Amicus. <\/em>A primeira j\u00e1 tomou parte nos dias 23, 24 e 25 de abril de 2024 em em Bridgetown, Barbados, a segunda ocorrer\u00e1 no dia 24 de maio em Bras\u00edlia, Brasil, e nos dias 27, 28 e 29 de maio em Manaus, Brasil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A C\u00e1tedra Jean Monnet\/UFU, Projeto Global Crossings, sob a coordena\u00e7\u00e3o da Profa. Claudia Loureiro, estar\u00e1 na audi\u00eancia de comunica\u00e7\u00f5es orais da Corte IDH juntamente com os professores Vinicius Abrantes, Matheus Pressotto e Thiago Romero, do Direito Internacional sem Fronteiras (DISF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/strong>THE JEAN MONNET CHAIR\/UFU WILL BE AT THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS HEARING ON CLIMATE CHANGE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pedro Lucchetti<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On January 9, 2023, the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Colombia requested the Advisory Opinion OC-32 from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, questioning the Court about the obligations of the member states of the Organization of American States regarding the current climate emergency. They related these actions and obligations to the frameworks of International Human Rights Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this way, the States call upon the Court to express its opinion and establish immediate standards to contain such damages, questioning the role of Human Rights defenders as well as that of the State when facing such calamities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thus, the IACHR has opened a period for Amicus Curiae<\/em> to submit their considerations on the matters. Continuously, the Court has convened hearings to be held on this topic, inviting those who have taken part in the process through the Amicus<\/em> institute. The first hearing took place on April 23, 24, and 25, 2024, in Bridgetown, Barbados. The second will occur on May 24 in Bras\u00edlia, Brazil, and on May 27, 28, and 29 in Manaus, Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Jean Monnet Chair\/UFU, Global Crossings Project, under the coordination of Prof. Claudia Loureiro, will be present at the oral communication hearing of the IACHR along with professors Vinicius Abrantes, Matheus Pressotto, and Thiago Romero, from International Law without Borders (DISF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o Da Presidenta Da Corte Interamericana De Direitos Humanos 22 De Fevereiro De 2024, <\/strong>Pedido De Parecer Consultivo Oc-32 Apresentado Pela Rep\u00fablica Do Chile E Pela Rep\u00fablica Da Col\u00f4mbia Sobre Emerg\u00eancia Clim\u00e1tica E Direitos Humanos. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/asuntos\/solicitud_22_02_2024_por.pdf. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. Pedido de Parecer Consultivo da Rep\u00fablica da Col\u00f4mbia e da Rep\u00fablica do Chile \u00e0 Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre Emerg\u00eancia Clim\u00e1tica e Direitos Humanos, <\/strong>9 de jan. de 2023. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/soc_1_2023_pt.pdf. Acesso em:19 abr. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EVENTOS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II MOSTRA DE BANNERS E DE RESUMOS EXPANDIDOS DO PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ATEN\u00c7\u00c3O!!!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

COMUNICADO IMPORTANTE SOBRE O CRONOGRAMA DA II MOSTRA DO PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Considerando-se a greve instalada nas Institui\u00e7\u00f5es Federais de Ensino Superior, bem como o impacto do movimento na consecu\u00e7\u00e3o das atividades acad\u00eamicas, decidimos reorganizar o cronograma da II MOSTRA DO GC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Agora, o prazo para a submiss\u00e3o dos trabalhos <\/strong>\u00e9 at\u00e9 30\/5\/2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 II MOSTRA ser\u00e1 realizada em 20\/06\/2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O EDITAL da II MOSTRA GC j\u00e1 est\u00e1 atualizado podendo ser encontrado juntamente com o link das inscri\u00e7\u00f5es em: https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1XmJ7yjslG9SQscIU02HRUZf2TIp_ehbb\/view. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A programa\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser conferida no link: https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1BnkFzDenXH7gLeLblqDdeANN_f_2ZLZk\/view<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Agradecemos a compreens\u00e3o e esperamos por voc\u00eas!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participem!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

CURSO DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL SANIT\u00c1RIO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Convidamos todos para participar do CURSO DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL SANIT\u00c1RIO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O link para inscri\u00e7\u00f5es pode ser conferido em: https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLSfeW5EJcUXKDTYHG2xIjpFd2Gp2-jrpNtBGRoMbnOvaEnhc6Q\/viewform<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esperamos por voc\u00eas!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participem!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

O Projeto Global Crossings iniciar\u00e1 os Encontros do Cube do Livro GC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A partir das ideias, do entusiasmo e do comprometimento de nossos pesquisadores, decidimos criar o nosso Clube do Livro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A cada Encontro, um livro liter\u00e1rio e um n\u00e3o liter\u00e1rio. O objetivo \u00e9 transcender as fronteiras do conhecimento e estabelecer conex\u00f5es entre a realidade social e os direitos humanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na medida em que a comunidade internacional se desenvolve de maneira desenfreada, nossa empatia e sensibilidade para compreender essa metamorfose ambulante deve estar em sintonia com o todo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entendemos que a ideia reflete muito bem os valores preconizados pelo Projeto Global Crossings: unidos pela diversidade (UE), interdisciplinaridade, ressignifica\u00e7\u00e3o de fronteiras, humanidade!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Convidamos vc a fazer parte de mais uma iniciativa que motiva nossas travessias globais!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00c1TEDRA JEAN MONNET UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERL\u00c2NDIA  PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS  NEWSLETTER \u2013 ABRIL\/2024  COORDENA\u00c7\u00c3O: PROFA. CLAUDIA LOUREIRO  ORGANIZA\u00c7\u00c3O: DANIEL URIAS PEREIRA FEITOZA; PEDRO LUCCHETTI TRADU\u00c7\u00c3O: PEDRO LUCCHETTI REVIS\u00c3O: DANIEL URIAS PEREIRA FEITOZA NOT\u00cdCIAS DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA EIXO: TRANSHUMANIDADE REGULAMENTA\u00c7\u00c3O DA INTELIG\u00caNCIA ARTIFICIAL PELA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA  Marlon Ant\u00f4nio Rosa Em 13 de mar\u00e7o de 2024, o Parlamento Europeu aprovou a Artificial Intelligence […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":919,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,5,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-992","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en-newsletter","category-newsletter","category-ptbr-newsletter"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=992"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/992\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":996,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/992\/revisions\/996"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=992"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}