PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n NEWSLETTER \u2013 MAR\u00c7O\/2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n COORDENA\u00c7\u00c3O: PROFA. CLAUDIA LOUREIRO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n ORGANIZA\u00c7\u00c3O: DANIEL URIAS PEREIRA FEITOZA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Daniel Urias Pereira Feitoza<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Revis\u00e3o: Pedro Lucchetti Silva<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n NOT\u00cdCIAS DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n EIXO MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n A NOVA DIRETIVA DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU SOBRE CRIMES AMBIENTAIS: A INCLUS\u00c3O DOS \u2018CRIMES COMPARADOS AO ECOC\u00cdDIO\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Daniel Urias Pereira Feitoza<\/p>\n\n\n\n O Parlamento Europeu e o Conselho da Uni\u00e3o Europeia est\u00e3o comprometidos em assegurar um alto n\u00edvel de prote\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental, conforme estabelecido nos tratados da UE. A pol\u00edtica ambiental visa prote\u00e7\u00e3o elevada, baseada em princ\u00edpios como precau\u00e7\u00e3o e que o poluidor pague pela polui\u00e7\u00e3o gerada. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A Diretiva 2008\/99\/EC e outras leis n\u00e3o foram suficientes para garantir a conformidade com as leis de prote\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental, e agora buscam-se penalidades criminais eficazes e dissuasivas para delitos ambientais. A nova decis\u00e3o prop\u00f5e a revis\u00e3o da lista de delitos ambientais, adicionando novos crimes e fortalecendo as penalidades para aumentar o efeito dissuasivo. As condutas ilegais que causem morte, les\u00f5es graves ou danos substanciais ao meio ambiente devem ser criminalizadas, e a posse de uma autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o isenta o titular de responsabilidade criminal se as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es legais n\u00e3o forem cumpridas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A Diretiva define o termo “pessoas jur\u00eddicas” e exclui Estados ou \u00f3rg\u00e3os p\u00fablicos que exercem autoridade estatal. Os Estados-Membros podem adotar regras mais rigorosas e devem criminalizar condutas ilegais intencionais que violem a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o da Uni\u00e3o ou leis nacionais que implementem tal legisla\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A Diretiva tamb\u00e9m aborda a gest\u00e3o ilegal de res\u00edduos, incluindo res\u00edduos perigosos, e a reciclagem de navios. Delitos intencionais que causem destrui\u00e7\u00e3o ou danos irrevers\u00edveis a ecossistemas ou habitats protegidos devem ser punidos com penas mais severas, incluindo condutas compar\u00e1veis ao ‘ecoc\u00eddio’. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A transi\u00e7\u00e3o verde \u00e9 vista como um objetivo a ser seguido e uma quest\u00e3o de equidade intergeracional. A Diretiva estabelece que condutas ilegais s\u00f3 constituem um delito criminal quando s\u00e3o intencionais e causam a morte de uma pessoa. A no\u00e7\u00e3o de ‘inten\u00e7\u00e3o’ e ‘neglig\u00eancia grave’ deve ser interpretada de acordo com a lei nacional. As penalidades para delitos criminais devem ser eficazes, dissuasivas e proporcionais, com n\u00edveis m\u00ednimos para o m\u00e1ximo de pena de pris\u00e3o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Penalidades acess\u00f3rias ou medidas podem ser mais eficazes do que penalidades financeiras, especialmente para pessoas jur\u00eddicas. Estas podem incluir a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o de restaurar o meio ambiente ou fornecer compensa\u00e7\u00e3o por danos irrevers\u00edveis. Os Estados-Membros devem garantir penalidades criminais eficazes para pessoas jur\u00eddicas, com multas m\u00e1ximas aplicadas pelo menos \u00e0s formas mais graves de delitos, considerando a gravidade da conduta e as circunst\u00e2ncias do infrator. <\/p>\n\n\n\n As multas podem ser uma porcentagem do faturamento mundial total ou em valores fixos. A responsabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de pessoas jur\u00eddicas n\u00e3o exclui a possibilidade de processos criminais contra pessoas f\u00edsicas. Os Estados-Membros devem considerar penalidades alternativas ao encarceramento e estabelecer circunst\u00e2ncias agravantes comuns que refletem a gravidade do delito cometido. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A Diretiva deve ser aplicada respeitando os direitos fundamentais e os princ\u00edpios da Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da Uni\u00e3o Europeia. Define regras m\u00ednimas para a defini\u00e7\u00e3o de delitos criminais e penalidades para proteger o meio ambiente, al\u00e9m de medidas para prevenir e combater crimes ambientais. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Os Estados-Membros devem cooperar entre si e com ag\u00eancias da Uni\u00e3o, como Eurojust e Europol, e devem garantir que informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre pessoas condenadas por delitos sejam trocadas entre autoridades nacionais competentes. A Comiss\u00e3o Europeia pode oferecer assist\u00eancia t\u00e9cnica para coordenar investiga\u00e7\u00f5es de delitos ambientais. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Os Estados-Membros devem criar e revisar periodicamente uma estrat\u00e9gia nacional para combater crimes ambientais, coletar dados estat\u00edsticos precisos e compar\u00e1veis sobre crimes ambientais e garantir um sistema adequado para registrar e transmitir esses dados. A Comiss\u00e3o deve publicar um relat\u00f3rio baseado nesses dados pelo menos a cada tr\u00eas anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A Diretiva entrar\u00e1 em vigor no vig\u00e9simo dia ap\u00f3s sua publica\u00e7\u00e3o no Jornal Oficial da Uni\u00e3o Europeia e \u00e9 dirigida aos Estados-Membros de acordo com os Tratados. Os Estados-Membros dever\u00e3o adotar as medidas necess\u00e1rias para cumprir a nova Diretiva dentro de dois anos ap\u00f3s sua entrada em vigor e informar a Comiss\u00e3o sobre as medidas adotadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n THE NEW EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT DIRECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES: THE INCLUSION OF ‘CRIMES COMPARABLE TO ECOCIDE’<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union are committed to ensuring a high level of environmental protection, as established in the EU treaties. Environmental policy aims for high protection, based on principles such as precaution and the polluter pays for the pollution generated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Directive 2008\/99\/EC and other laws have not been sufficient to ensure compliance with environmental protection laws, and now effective and dissuasive criminal penalties are sought for environmental offenses. The new decision proposes the revision of the list of environmental offenses, adding new crimes and strengthening penalties to increase deterrence. Illegal conduct that causes death, serious injury, or substantial damage to the environment must be criminalized, and possession of a permit does not exempt the holder from criminal liability if legal obligations are not met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Directive defines the term “legal persons” and excludes States or public bodies exercising state authority. Member States may adopt stricter rules and must criminalize intentional illegal conduct that violates Union legislation or national laws implementing such legislation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Directive also addresses the illegal management of waste, including hazardous waste, and ship recycling. Intentional offenses causing destruction or irreversible damage to ecosystems or protected habitats should be punished with harsher penalties, including conduct comparable to ‘ecocide’.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The green transition is seen as a goal to be pursued and an intergenerational equity issue. The Directive establishes that illegal conduct constitutes a criminal offense only when it is intentional and causes the death of a person. The notion of ‘intent’ and ‘gross negligence’ must be interpreted in accordance with national law. Penalties for criminal offenses must be effective, dissuasive, and proportionate, with minimum levels for the maximum prison sentence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancillary penalties or measures may be more effective than financial penalties, especially for legal persons. These may include the obligation to restore the environment or provide compensation for irreversible damage. Member States must ensure effective criminal penalties for legal persons, with maximum fines applied at least to the most serious forms of offenses, considering the seriousness of the conduct and the circumstances of the offender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fines may be a percentage of total global turnover or fixed amounts. Holding legal persons accountable does not preclude the possibility of criminal proceedings against individuals. Member States must consider alternative penalties to imprisonment and establish common aggravating circumstances reflecting the seriousness of the offense committed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Directive must be applied while respecting fundamental rights and the principles of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. It sets minimum rules for defining criminal offenses and penalties to protect the environment, as well as measures to prevent and combat environmental crimes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Member States must cooperate with each other and with Union agencies such as Eurojust and Europol, and must ensure that information about persons convicted of offenses is exchanged among competent national authorities. The European Commission may offer technical assistance to coordinate investigations of environmental crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Member States must create and periodically review a national strategy to combat environmental crimes, collect accurate and comparable statistical data on environmental crimes, and ensure an adequate system for recording and transmitting this data. The Commission must publish a report based on this data at least every three years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union and is addressed to the Member States in accordance with the Treaties. Member States shall adopt the necessary measures to comply with the new Directive within two years of its entry into force and inform the Commission of the measures taken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n REFER\u00caNCIAS: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n PARLAMENTO EUROPEU. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of the Environment Through Criminal Law and replacing Directives 2008\/99\/EC and 2009\/123\/EC<\/strong>. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/PE-82-2023-INIT\/en\/pdf. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ECOC\u00cdDIO COMO CRIME INTERNACIONAL: O CASO DA B\u00c9LGICA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Profa. Dra. Claudia Loureiro<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ao aprovar o seu novo C\u00f3digo Penal, a B\u00e9lgica reconhece, de forma in\u00e9dita, o ecoc\u00eddio como crime nacional e internacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No \u00e2mbito nacional, o crime de ecoc\u00eddio se destina a punir os casos mais graves de degrada\u00e7\u00e3o ao meio ambiente, o que se aplica aos indiv\u00edduos que ocupam postos de tomada de decis\u00e3o e \u00e0s corpora\u00e7\u00f5es, com puni\u00e7\u00f5es que podem chegar a 20 anos de pris\u00e3o e indeniza\u00e7\u00f5es em torno de mais de 1 milh\u00e3o de Euros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Al\u00e9m disso, a B\u00e9lgica tamb\u00e9m reconheceu, de forma in\u00e9dita, o ecoc\u00eddio como crime internacional, ao lado dos crimes de genoc\u00eddio, dos crimes contra a humanidade, dos crimes de guerra e de agress\u00e3o, anteriormente previstos em sua legisla\u00e7\u00e3o interna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A postura da B\u00e9lgica se coaduna com a Diretiva da Uni\u00e3o Europeia sobre Crimes Ambientais, recentemente revisada e que est\u00e1 prestes a ser formalmente acatada, o que gerar\u00e1 a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o dos Estados-membros adaptarem suas legisla\u00e7\u00f5es internas no mesmo sentido. Por isso, a B\u00e9lgica est\u00e1 a um passo a frente dos demais pa\u00edses nessa discuss\u00e3o, pois j\u00e1 se adiantou e adaptou a sua legisla\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Diretiva em quest\u00e3o. Nesse contexto, \u00e9 uma alegria observar que o tema foi objeto de an\u00e1lise pela Profa. Claudia Loureiro na primeira edi\u00e7\u00e3o do Curso de Direito Europeu, da C\u00e1tedra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Assim, a B\u00e9lgica lidera o debate internacional a respeito do reconhecimento do ecoc\u00eddio como crime internacional pelas legisla\u00e7\u00f5es nacionais, o que \u00e9 um grande avan\u00e7o e fomenta um movimento internacional de revisita\u00e7\u00e3o da litig\u00e2ncia clim\u00e1tica nos pa\u00edses da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, dando continuidade aos casos que j\u00e1 se anunciaram na Corte Europeia como o da Su\u00ed\u00e7a e o de Portugal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A atitude da B\u00e9lgica tem significativa influ\u00eancia na evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do Direito Internacional, contribuindo para a ressignifica\u00e7\u00e3o de alguns institutos jur\u00eddicos, tais como a jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal, os interesses da humanidade, a litig\u00e2ncia clim\u00e1tica, bem como para a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o do Estatuto de Roma e de sua jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o e compet\u00eancia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ECOCIDE AS AN INTERNATIONAL CRIME: THE CASE OF BELGIUM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n By approving its new Penal Code, Belgium recognizes, in an unprecedented manner, ecocide as a national and international crime. <\/p>\n\n\n\n At the national level, the crime of ecocide aims to punish the most serious cases of environmental degradation, applying to individuals occupying decision-making positions and corporations, with penalties that can reach up to 20 years in prison and compensations around more than 1 million Euros. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Furthermore, Belgium has also unprecedentedly recognized ecocide as an international crime, alongside genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression, previously provided for in its domestic legislation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Belgium’s stance aligns with the European Union’s Directive on Environmental Crimes, recently revised and about to be formally adopted, which will require Member States to adapt their domestic legislation accordingly. Therefore, Belgium is ahead of other countries in this discussion, as it has already advanced and adapted its legislation to the Directive in question. In this context, it is gratifying to observe that the topic was analyzed by Prof. Claudia Loureiro in the first edition of the European Law Course, of the Chair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thus, Belgium leads the international debate regarding the recognition of ecocide as an international crime by national legislations, which is a significant advancement and fosters an international movement to revisit climate litigation in European Union countries, continuing cases that have already been announced in the European Court such as Switzerland and Portugal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Belgium’s attitude has a significant influence on the evolution of International Law, contributing to the redefinition of some legal institutions, such as universal jurisdiction, the interests of humanity, climate litigation, as well as the interpretation of the Rome Statute and its jurisdiction and competence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Initially, it is important to clarify that ecocide can be considered as a crime committed against the environment with disproportionate and devastating consequences for nature and human well-being. Regarding the topic, Loureiro has announced, in her recent published article, Ecocide under the Rome Statute, that the recognition of ecocide as an international crime can occur in two ways, both at the national and international levels. Furthermore, considering ecocide as an international crime encompasses two avenues, namely, its recognition as a crime against humanity and as a crime connected to genocide, until the Rome Statute is revised to include ecocide as the fifth crime against peace. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Thus, while the inclusion of ecocide as the fifth crime against peace in the Rome Statute is not approved, there are two paths for punishing ecocide as a serious crime against the interests of humanity, namely, as a crime against humanity and as a crime connected to genocide. The first scenario requires a reinterpretation of the defining elements of crimes against humanity and the application of the norm in blank, inserted in letter K, of n. 1, of article 7th, of the Rome Statute, an illustrative application rule, which announces the possibility of considering other acts as crimes against humanity. The second scenario allows the punishment of ecocide as a crime connected to genocide, since the physical destruction of a particular ethnicity results from an intersectional process of interconnected acts, encompassing both cultural and physical genocide, according to article 6th of the Rome Statute. <\/p>\n\n\n\n In this sense, it is understood that Belgium’s attitude may function as pressure for the International Criminal Court to act in cases involving ecocide, punishing them as a consequence of crimes against humanity or as connected to genocide, as explained above. <\/p>\n\n\n\n REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n LOUREIRO, Cl\u00e1udia. A jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal do Tribunal Penal Internacional e o deslocamento for\u00e7ado do povo Rohingya: o caso Myanmar v. Bangladesh do TPI. Revista Direito, Estado e Sociedade, n. 59, p. 145-171, 2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n LOUREIRO, Cl\u00e1udia. Ecoc\u00eddio perante o Estatuto de Roma. Revista de Direito Internacional, vol.20, n. 2, p. 344-374, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n LOUREIRO, Cl\u00e1udia. Jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal: caixa de pandora ou o caminho para a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos interesses da humanidade? Revista de Direito Internacional, vol. 19, n. 2, p. 213-243, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n NOT\u00cdCIAS DA CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n EIXO: TRANSHUMANITY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n OPINI\u00c3O CONSULTIVA DA CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A A RESPEITO DO CONFLITO ISRAEL VS <\/u><\/em>PALESTINA: ATUALIZA\u00c7\u00d5ES SOBRE DECIS\u00c3O DO TRIBUNAL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Daniel Urias Pereira Feitoza<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n No dia 26 de fevereiro de 2024, a Corte Internacional de Justi\u00e7a (CIJ) finalizou as audi\u00eancias p\u00fablicas relacionadas ao pedido de uma opini\u00e3o consultiva sobre as repercuss\u00f5es legais da presen\u00e7a de Israel nos territ\u00f3rios palestinos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Este pedido, iniciado pela Assembleia Geral da ONU, busca esclarecer as implica\u00e7\u00f5es da ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o israelense, que persiste desde 1967, sobre o direito de autodetermina\u00e7\u00e3o dos palestinos, al\u00e9m de questionar a legalidade da ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o, dos assentamentos e da anexa\u00e7\u00e3o de terras por Israel, e como isso afeta as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es legais de Estados e da pr\u00f3pria ONU. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Durante o processo, a Palestina, 49 pa\u00edses membros da ONU e tr\u00eas entidades internacionais apresentaram suas declara\u00e7\u00f5es. Agora, o Tribunal se prepara para iniciar suas delibera\u00e7\u00f5es e definir uma data para a divulga\u00e7\u00e3o da opini\u00e3o consultiva. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Den\u00fancias escritas foram recebidas at\u00e9 25 de julho de 2023, com coment\u00e1rios adicionais aceitos at\u00e9 25 de outubro de 2023. A participa\u00e7\u00e3o de organiza\u00e7\u00f5es como a Liga dos Estados \u00c1rabes, a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o Isl\u00e2mica e a Uni\u00e3o Africana foi permitida. Recentemente, em fevereiro, o Brasil solicitou \u00e0 CIJ que reconhe\u00e7a como ilegal a ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o israelense dos territ\u00f3rios palestinos, argumentando que tal ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o infringe o direito internacional, especialmente o direito \u00e0 autodetermina\u00e7\u00e3o dos palestinos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A representante brasileira na Corte Internacional de Justi\u00e7a, Maria Clara de Paula Tusco, criticou as a\u00e7\u00f5es de Israel, incluindo a apropria\u00e7\u00e3o de terras palestinas, a demoli\u00e7\u00e3o de resid\u00eancias, a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de assentamentos e do muro na Cisjord\u00e2nia, al\u00e9m das altera\u00e7\u00f5es demogr\u00e1ficas impostas, que s\u00e3o vistas como uma forma de anexa\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O Brasil enfatizou seu compromisso com o Direito Internacional e a resolu\u00e7\u00e3o pac\u00edfica de conflitos, repudiando a cont\u00ednua viola\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos dos palestinos e mencionando a Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o 242 do Conselho de Seguran\u00e7a da ONU. O Itamaraty tamb\u00e9m apontou para a discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o resultante dos dois sistemas jur\u00eddicos distintos aplicados na Cisjord\u00e2nia ocupada, solicitando a\u00e7\u00f5es para terminar a ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o e compensar as viola\u00e7\u00f5es. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O Brasil apoia a exist\u00eancia de dois Estados, defendendo a exist\u00eancia de um Estado palestino independente, soberano e vi\u00e1vel, que coexista em paz e seguran\u00e7a com Israel. Por outro lado, Israel optou por n\u00e3o participar das audi\u00eancias e criticou a resolu\u00e7\u00e3o da ONU, alegando que ela distorce os fatos e compromete o processo de paz, ignorando a viol\u00eancia e o terrorismo contra israelenses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O hist\u00f3rico da ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 tra\u00e7ado desde o t\u00e9rmino da Segunda Guerra Mundial, passando pela partilha da Palestina pela ONU e a guerra de 1967, que levou \u00e0 ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o israelense da Cisjord\u00e2nia, Faixa de Gaza e Jerusal\u00e9m Oriental. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Apesar da Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o 242 da ONU, que exigia a retirada israelense dos territ\u00f3rios ocupados, Israel continuou a expandir assentamentos na Cisjord\u00e2nia, considerados ilegais pela ONU, e em 2005 se retirou da Faixa de Gaza, mantendo um bloqueio ao territ\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE\u2019S ADVISORY OPINION REGARDING ISRAEL VS PALESTINE\u2019S CONFLICT: UPDATES ON THE HIGHLY ANTICIPATED COURT DECISION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n On February 26, 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) concluded the public hearings related to the request for an advisory opinion on the legal repercussions of Israel’s presence in the Palestinian territories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n This request, initiated by the UN General Assembly, seeks to clarify the implications of the Israeli occupation, which has persisted since 1967, on the Palestinians’ right to self-determination, as well as to question the legality of the occupation, settlements, and land annexation by Israel, and how this affects the legal obligations of States and the UN itself. <\/p>\n\n\n\n During the process, Palestine, 49 UN member countries, and three international entities presented their statements. Now, the Court is preparing to begin its deliberations and set a date for the release of the advisory opinion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Written submissions were received until July 25, 2023, with additional comments accepted until October 25, 2023. The participation of organizations such as the League of Arab States, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the African Union was allowed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Recently, in February, Brazil requested the ICJ to recognize the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories as illegal, arguing that such occupation violates international law, especially the right to self-determination of the Palestinians. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Brazilian representative at the International Court of Justice, Maria Clara de Paula Tusco, criticized Israel’s actions, including the appropriation of Palestinian lands, the demolition of homes, the construction of settlements and the wall in the West Bank, as well as the imposed demographic changes, which are seen as a form of annexation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Brazil emphasized its commitment to International Law and the peaceful resolution of conflicts, condemning the continuous violation of Palestinian rights and mentioning UN Security Council Resolution 242. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Itamaraty also pointed to the discrimination resulting from the two distinct legal systems applied in the occupied West Bank, requesting actions to end the occupation and compensate for the violations. Brazil supports the existence of two states, advocating for an independent, sovereign, and viable Palestinian state, coexisting in peace and security with Israel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n On the other hand, Israel chose not to participate in the hearings and criticized the UN resolution, claiming it distorts the facts and compromises the peace process, ignoring the violence and terrorism against Israelis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The history of the occupation is traced from the end of World War II, through the UN’s partition of Palestine and the 1967 war, which led to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Despite UN Resolution 242, which demanded the Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories, Israel continued to expand settlements in the West Bank, considered illegal by the UN, and in 2005 withdrew from the Gaza Strip, maintaining a blockade on the territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n REFER\u00caNCIAS: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A. Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem \/ Press Release No. 2024\/17, 26 February 2024<\/strong>. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/186\/186-20240226-pre-01-00-en.pdf. Acesso em: 02 mar. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n LEON, Lucas Pordeus. Brasil pede que Corte declare ilegal ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o de Israel na Palestina<\/strong>. Ag\u00eancia Brasil, [S.l.], 20 fev. 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br\/internacional\/noticia\/2024-02\/brasil-pede-que-corte-declare-ilegal-ocupacao-de-israel-na-palestina. Acesso em: 02 mar. 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n NOT\u00cdCIAS DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n EIXO MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n OPINI\u00c3O CONSULTIVA SOBRE MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS: PRIORIDADE DA CORTE IDH PARA 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Daniel Urias Pereira Feitoza<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n A solicita\u00e7\u00e3o do parecer consultivo pela Col\u00f4mbia e pelo Chile \u00e0 Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica e direitos humanos tem por objetivo esclarecer as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es estatais diante das crises clim\u00e1ticas, enfatizando a necessidade de a\u00e7\u00f5es urgentes e baseadas em equidade, justi\u00e7a e sustentabilidade, com foco nos direitos humanos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O documento reconhece o impacto desproporcional das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas em comunidades vulner\u00e1veis e a import\u00e2ncia de um meio ambiente saud\u00e1vel para a prote\u00e7\u00e3o de outros direitos humanos. O texto cita o discurso de Michelle Bachelet sobre a crise global e relat\u00f3rios do Painel Intergovernamental para Mudan\u00e7as Clim\u00e1ticas que apontam para impactos irrevers\u00edveis do aquecimento global, que ocorrem mais rapidamente do que nossa capacidade de adapta\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n As consequ\u00eancias severas da emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica s\u00e3o particularmente not\u00e1veis na Am\u00e9rica, como escassez de recursos h\u00eddricos, retrocesso dos glaciares nos Andes, altera\u00e7\u00f5es nos ciclos de precipita\u00e7\u00e3o, aumento do n\u00edvel do mar e temperatura da \u00e1gua, afetando comunidades costeiras, o fornecimento de \u00e1gua e economias regionais. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O documento destaca a vulnerabilidade das zonas costeiras e insulares do Caribe, a sensibilidade dos Andes a migra\u00e7\u00f5es e deslocamentos clim\u00e1ticos, e as amea\u00e7as \u00e0 biodiversidade e \u00e0 fun\u00e7\u00e3o reguladora de chuvas da Amaz\u00f4nia devido ao desmatamento. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Previs\u00f5es indicam um aumento significativo de pessoas afetadas por inunda\u00e7\u00f5es, transmiss\u00e3o de doen\u00e7as e impactos negativos na fauna, flora e agricultura. Os Pequenos Estados Insulares em Desenvolvimento (SIDS) s\u00e3o especialmente vulner\u00e1veis, com efeitos profundos em suas popula\u00e7\u00f5es e economias. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O texto tamb\u00e9m aborda como a mudan\u00e7a clim\u00e1tica afeta desproporcionalmente popula\u00e7\u00f5es vulner\u00e1veis, incluindo comunidades costeiras, povos ind\u00edgenas e afrodescendentes, com mulheres e crian\u00e7as representando 80% dos deslocados por fen\u00f4menos clim\u00e1ticos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica est\u00e1 ligada \u00e0 viola\u00e7\u00e3o de direitos humanos e requer uma abordagem interseccional para sua resolu\u00e7\u00e3o. Em 2017, a Corte Interamericana emitiu um Parecer Consultivo, reconhecendo o direito a um meio ambiente saud\u00e1vel e as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados em evitar danos ambientais transfronteiri\u00e7os. <\/p>\n\n\n\n No entanto, ainda h\u00e1 necessidade de esclarecer melhor os direitos humanos afetados pela crise clim\u00e1tica e as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es estatais correspondentes. O Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos enfatiza a prote\u00e7\u00e3o da vida e dos direitos das pessoas, povos e comunidades, propondo medidas que considerem a diversidade das gera\u00e7\u00f5es atuais, os impactos geogr\u00e1ficos diferenciados e os direitos das futuras gera\u00e7\u00f5es. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O texto menciona a necessidade de criar mecanismos e pr\u00e1ticas para repara\u00e7\u00e3o e adapta\u00e7\u00e3o aos danos causados pela emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica de forma justa e sustent\u00e1vel. Discute-se o papel da Corte Interamericana na defini\u00e7\u00e3o de obriga\u00e7\u00f5es estatais derivadas de normas internacionais para a prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos humanos. Cita-se a iniciativa de Vanuatu e outros pa\u00edses em buscar um Parecer Consultivo da Corte Internacional de Justi\u00e7a sobre perdas e danos clim\u00e1ticos, e menciona-se casos em tramita\u00e7\u00e3o no Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos e uma decis\u00e3o do Comit\u00ea de Direitos Humanos da ONU condenando a Austr\u00e1lia por n\u00e3o proteger os direitos dos ind\u00edgenas das Ilhas Torres. <\/p>\n\n\n\n O texto questiona o alcance das obriga\u00e7\u00f5es estatais em mitigar os impactos da crise clim\u00e1tica, especialmente em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a popula\u00e7\u00f5es vulner\u00e1veis e medidas interseccionais. Aborda-se a necessidade de os Estados adotarem medidas de preven\u00e7\u00e3o e garantia de direitos humanos em resposta \u00e0 emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica, considerando o consenso cient\u00edfico sobre a gravidade da situa\u00e7\u00e3o e a meta de n\u00e3o ultrapassar o aumento de 1,5\u00b0C na temperatura global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Al\u00e9m disso, o documento discute as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos direitos das crian\u00e7as e das novas gera\u00e7\u00f5es diante da emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica, a necessidade de adotar medidas efetivas para proteger os direitos das crian\u00e7as e garantir sua participa\u00e7\u00e3o em processos judiciais ou administrativos relacionados \u00e0 mudan\u00e7a clim\u00e1tica. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Finalmente, o texto discute as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 defesa do meio ambiente e \u00e0 emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica, levantando quest\u00f5es sobre as medidas que os Estados devem adotar para facilitar o trabalho de defensores ambientais, proteger mulheres e grupos vulner\u00e1veis, garantir a transpar\u00eancia e a puni\u00e7\u00e3o de delitos contra esses defensores. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Aborda-se a responsabilidade compartilhada, mas diferenciada, dos Estados frente \u00e0 mudan\u00e7a clim\u00e1tica, com \u00eanfase na coopera\u00e7\u00e3o internacional e no direito \u00e0 repara\u00e7\u00e3o de danos, considerando os efeitos desproporcionais da crise clim\u00e1tica em regi\u00f5es e popula\u00e7\u00f5es espec\u00edficas e as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados em lidar com a mobilidade humana for\u00e7ada resultante da emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c9 esperado que a Corte fa\u00e7a uma intersec\u00e7\u00e3o entre direitos humanos e a crise clim\u00e1tica, enfatizando, principalmente, a desproporcionalidade dos impactos das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas sobre comunidades historicamente negligenciadas, como as negras, ind\u00edgenas e quilombolas na Am\u00e9rica Latina, e a urg\u00eancia de enfrentar as causas fundamentais das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas para promover justi\u00e7a social e ambiental. A trag\u00e9dia em Pernambuco ocorrida em 2022 por inunda\u00e7\u00f5es catastr\u00f3ficas e deslizamentos de terra ap\u00f3s chuvas excepcionalmente intensas, citada em contribui\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e0 Opini\u00e3o Consultiva, \u00e9 vista como exemplo do impacto devastador das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas na efetiva\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos humanos, com a pesquisa da World Weather Attribution indicando que o aquecimento global tornou eventos extremos 20% mais prov\u00e1veis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n O presidente da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, Ricardo P\u00e9rez Manrique, destacou que a crise clim\u00e1tica ser\u00e1 uma das principais prioridades do tribunal em 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n As audi\u00eancias p\u00fablicas ocorrer\u00e3o da seguinte forma: A primeira ocorrer\u00e1 em Bridgetown, Barbados, nos dias 23, 24 e 25 de abril de 2024, e a segunda ser\u00e1 realizada em Bras\u00edlia (Brasil), no dia 24 de maio de 2024, e em Manaus (Brasil), nos dias 27, 28 e 29 de maio de 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Manrique enfatizou a import\u00e2ncia da Corte em um contexto global de crises clim\u00e1ticas, ataques \u00e0 biodiversidade e problemas de seguran\u00e7a p\u00fablica, ressaltando o papel fundamental em responsabilizar viola\u00e7\u00f5es dos direitos humanos e promover mudan\u00e7as efetivas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n CONSULTATIVE OPINION ON CLIMATE CHANGE: PRIORITIZATION OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS FOR 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The request for a consultative opinion by Colombia and Chile to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the relationship between the climate emergency and human rights aims to clarify state obligations in the face of climate crises, emphasizing the need for urgent actions based on equity, justice, and sustainability, with a focus on human rights. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The document acknowledges the disproportionate impact of climate change on vulnerable communities and the importance of a healthy environment for the protection of other human rights. It cites Michelle Bachelet’s discourse on the global crisis and reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change pointing to irreversible impacts of global warming, occurring more rapidly than our capacity to adapt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The severe consequences of the climate emergency are particularly notable in the Americas, such as water scarcity, retreat of glaciers in the Andes, alterations in precipitation patterns, sea level rise, and water temperature increase, affecting coastal communities, water supply, and regional economies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The document highlights the vulnerability of coastal and island areas in the Caribbean, the sensitivity of the Andes to climate migrations and displacements, and the threats to biodiversity and the rain-regulating function of the Amazon due to deforestation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Predictions indicate a significant increase in people affected by floods, disease transmission, and negative impacts on fauna, flora, and agriculture. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are especially vulnerable, with profound effects on their populations and economies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The text also addresses how climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including coastal communities, indigenous peoples, and Afro-descendants, with women and children representing 80% of those displaced by climate phenomena. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The climate emergency is linked to human rights violations and requires an intersectional approach to its resolution. In 2017, the Inter-American Court issued a Consultative Opinion recognizing the right to a healthy environment and states’ obligations to prevent transboundary environmental harm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n However, there is still a need to better clarify the human rights affected by the climate crisis and the corresponding state obligations. International Human Rights Law emphasizes the protection of life and the rights of individuals, peoples, and communities, proposing measures that consider the diversity of current generations, differentiated geographic impacts, and the rights of future generations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The text mentions the need to create mechanisms and practices for fair and sustainable reparations and adaptation to damages caused by the climate emergency. The role of the Inter-American Court in defining state obligations derived from international norms for the protection of human rights is discussed. The initiative of Vanuatu and other countries to seek a Consultative Opinion from the International Court of Justice on climate loss and damage is cited, as well as cases pending before the European Court of Human Rights and a decision by the UN Human Rights Committee condemning Australia for failing to protect the rights of Indigenous Torres Strait Islanders. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The text questions the scope of state obligations to mitigate the impacts of the climate crisis, especially regarding vulnerable populations and intersectional measures. The need for states to adopt prevention and human rights guarantee measures in response to the climate emergency is addressed, considering the scientific consensus on the severity of the situation and the goal of not exceeding a 1.5\u00b0C global temperature increase. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Additionally, the document discusses states’ obligations regarding the rights of children and future generations in the face of the climate emergency, the need to adopt effective measures to protect children’s rights, and ensure their participation in judicial or administrative processes related to climate change. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Finally, the text discusses states’ obligations regarding environmental protection and the climate emergency, raising questions about the measures states should take to facilitate the work of environmental defenders, protect women and vulnerable groups, ensure transparency, and punish crimes against these defenders. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Shared but differentiated responsibility of states in the face of climate change is addressed, with emphasis on international cooperation and the right to damage reparation, considering the disproportionate effects of the climate crisis on specific regions and populations and states’ obligations to address forced human mobility resulting from the climate emergency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Court is expected to intersect human rights and the climate crisis, emphasizing primarily the disproportionality of the impacts of climate change on historically neglected communities, such as Black, Indigenous, and Quilombola communities in Latin America, and the urgency of addressing the root causes of climate change to promote social and environmental justice. The tragedy in Pernambuco that occurred in 2022 due to catastrophic floods and landslides following exceptionally heavy rainfall, cited in contributions to the Consultative Opinion, is seen as an example of the devastating impact of climate change on the realization of human rights, with research from the World Weather Attribution indicating that global warming has made extreme events 20% more likely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Ricardo P\u00e9rez Manrique, highlighted that the climate crisis will be one of the main priorities of the court in 2024. There are plans for a public hearing in Manaus, aiming to receive suggestions from organizations, states, and civil society to address the issue. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Manrique also evaluated his recent visit to Brazil, highlighting the court’s growing proximity to the country. Additionally, he discussed progress during his two years of presidency, including initiatives such as the creation of a television channel and an inter-American judicial training center. He emphasized the court’s importance in a global context of climate crises, biodiversity loss, and public security problems, highlighting its fundamental role in holding human rights violations accountable and promoting effective changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n REFER\u00caNCIAS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n GIMENES, Erick. Presidente da Corte IDH diz que debate sobre crise clim\u00e1tica \u00e9 prioridade para 2024<\/strong>. Jota, S\u00e3o Paulo, 01 nov. 2023. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.jota.info\/coberturas-especiais\/direitos-humanos\/presidente-da-corte-idh-diz-que-debate-sobre-crise-climatica-e-prioridade-para-2024-01112023. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n CORTE IDH. Pedido de Parecer Consultivo da Rep\u00fablica da Col\u00f4mbia e da Rep\u00fablica do Chile \u00e0 Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre Emerg\u00eancia Clim\u00e1tica e Direitos Humanos<\/strong>, 09 de janeiro de 2023. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/soc_1_2023_pt.pdf. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n WWA – World Weather Attribution. Climate change increased heavy rainfall, hitting vulnerable communities in Eastern Northeast Brazil, 04 jul. 2022. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.worldweatherattribution.org\/climate-change-increased-heavy-rainfall-hitting-vulnerable-communities-in-eastern-northeast-brazil\/. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n EVENTOS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n II MOSTRA DE BANNERS E DE RESUMOS EXPANDIDOS DO PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Convidamos todos para participar da II MOSTRA do Projeto Global Crossings.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n O Edital e o link para inscri\u00e7\u00f5es pode ser conferido em: https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1XmJ7yjslG9SQscIU02HRUZf2TIp_ehbb\/view<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Agradecemos a todos os Pesquisadores que participar\u00e3o do Evento.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Para esta edi\u00e7\u00e3o da Mostra, haver\u00e1 palestras e exposi\u00e7\u00e3o de resumos expandidos.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n A programa\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser conferida no link: <\/strong>https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1BnkFzDenXH7gLeLblqDdeANN_f_2ZLZk\/view<\/p>\n\n\n\n Esperamos por vcs!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Participem!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00c1TEDRA JEAN MONNET UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERL\u00c2NDIA PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS NEWSLETTER \u2013 MAR\u00c7O\/2024 COORDENA\u00c7\u00c3O: PROFA. CLAUDIA LOUREIRO ORGANIZA\u00c7\u00c3O: DANIEL URIAS PEREIRA FEITOZA Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Daniel Urias Pereira Feitoza Revis\u00e3o: Pedro Lucchetti Silva NOT\u00cdCIAS DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA EIXO MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO A NOVA DIRETIVA DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU SOBRE CRIMES AMBIENTAIS: A INCLUS\u00c3O DOS \u2018CRIMES COMPARADOS AO […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,5,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-en-newsletter","category-newsletter","category-ptbr-newsletter"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/979","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=979"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/979\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":980,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/979\/revisions\/980"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=979"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=979"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=979"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3131.png\")
<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"