{"id":766,"date":"2023-08-28T19:58:19","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T22:58:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/?p=766"},"modified":"2023-08-28T19:58:19","modified_gmt":"2023-08-28T22:58:19","slug":"newsletter-agosto-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/2023\/08\/28\/newsletter-agosto-2023\/","title":{"rendered":"NEWSLETTER AGOSTO\/2023"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C\u00c1TEDRA JEAN MONNET\/UFU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>COORDENA\u00c7\u00c3O: PROFA. CLAUDIA LOUREIRO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NEWSLETTER AGOSTO\/2023<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SE\u00c7\u00c3O 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>EIXO TRANSHUMANIDADE<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Caso Mahsa Amini, Ir\u00e3.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto e tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre de Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Mestre em Direitos Humanos pela Faculdade de Direito da USP, Pesquisadora do Projeto&nbsp;<em>Global Crossings&nbsp;<\/em>da Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, C\u00e1tedra Jean Monnet \u2013 Uni\u00e3o Europeia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mahsa Amini, tinha vinte e dois anos de idade quando foi detida pela pol\u00edcia moral, em Teer\u00e3, capital do Ir\u00e3. Foi acusada de expor uma pequena mostra do cabelo e do mau uso do&nbsp;<em>hijab&nbsp;<\/em>(v\u00e9u isl\u00e2mico), permanecendo detida pelo per\u00edodo de tr\u00eas dias. Enquanto estava presa, ela foi v\u00edtima de tortura e das mais variadas formas de viol\u00eancia f\u00edsica. Acabou falecendo no dia 16 de setembro de 2022. O caso levou a como\u00e7\u00e3o nas redes sociais e incitou protestos com manifestantes em todo o mundo. Segundo dados publicados pela Amnistia Internacional, desde setembro de 2022,&nbsp;<em>mais de 400 pessoas foram mortas por se manifestarem pacificamente,&nbsp;<\/em>incluindo&nbsp;<em>34 crian\u00e7as&nbsp;<\/em>e mais 2<em>6 pessoas que correm o risco de terem aplicadas pena capital.&nbsp;<\/em>(1)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O governo do Ir\u00e3 e as autoridades locais alegaram que ela faleceu por motivo de&nbsp;<em>causas naturais<\/em>&nbsp;(2), fato contestado pelos familiares de Mahsa e exposto pelo advogado da fam\u00edlia, Mohammad Saleh Nikbakht. Ele declarou acerca da incompet\u00eancia da condu\u00e7\u00e3o da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o policial e press\u00e3o sobre a fam\u00edlia para atribuir culpa a equipe m\u00e9dica que prestou socorro e tratamento \u00e0 Mahsa. Segundo o advogado, Mahsa foi v\u00edtima de espancamento e tortura por agentes de seguran\u00e7a, que a levaram ao hospital, com&nbsp;<em>perda de mais de 95% dos sinais vitais, j\u00e1 estando morta.<\/em>&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os protestos em reprova\u00e7\u00e3o a deten\u00e7\u00e3o ilegal de Mahsa foram recebidos com violenta repress\u00e3o governamental, percebidos com atos que reprimem as manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es populares de rua como at\u00e9 os trabalhos realizados pelos ativistas defensores de direitos humanos, em especial \u00e0queles que est\u00e3o em evid\u00eancia na defesa dos direitos das mulheres. De tal forma, que os estados membros das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas est\u00e3o em di\u00e1logo com o Ir\u00e3 para auxiliar a liberta\u00e7\u00e3o desses ativistas, presos injustamente. A Miss\u00e3o Internacional Independente de Apura\u00e7\u00e3o dos Fatos no Ir\u00e3, apresentou o seu primeiro relat\u00f3rio oral, em 05 de julho de 2023, no Conselho de Direitos Humanos das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas por meio de sua presidente, Sara Houssain. Ela&nbsp;<em>declarou preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o com os projetos de leis que preveem puni\u00e7\u00f5es ainda mais duras aos que se op\u00f5e ao uso obrigat\u00f3rio do v\u00e9u,&nbsp;<\/em>apontando ainda as seguintes tens\u00f5es existentes no Ir\u00e3: discrimina\u00e7\u00f5es e viola\u00e7\u00f5es de direitos humanos com deten\u00e7\u00f5es arbitr\u00e1rias, incluindo jornalistas e defensores de direitos humanos; o cerceamento ao exerc\u00edcio da liberdade de se associar e de se manifestar; aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de puni\u00e7\u00f5es exageradas; dificuldade na coleta de provas;&nbsp;&nbsp;e, acima de tudo, a busca pela verdade.<em>&nbsp;<\/em>(4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NOTAS E REFER\u00caNCIAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>AMNISTIA INTERNACIONAL<strong>.&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Ir\u00e3o, Rostos de uma Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o: pela liberdade das mulheres.<\/em><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnistia.pt\/rostos-revolucao-irao\/\">https:\/\/www.amnistia.pt\/rostos-revolucao-irao\/<\/a>. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SCHREIBER, M.&nbsp;<em>Iran says Mahsa Amni died as a result of illness, not beating, after arrest.&nbsp;<\/em>07 outubro 2022. Dispon\u00edvel em:<em>&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/middle-east\/20221007-iran-says-mahsa-amini-died-of-illness-not-blows-after-arrest\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/middle-east\/20221007-iran-says-mahsa-amini-died-of-illness-not-blows-after-arrest<\/a>. Acesso em: 27 ago. 2023.<strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RADIO FARDA<strong>.&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Mahsa Amini&#8217;s Family, Lawyer Say They&#8217;re Being Pressured To Blame Medical Staff For Her Death<\/em>.&nbsp;20 Janeiro 2023.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/iran-amini-family-lawyer-pressure-authorities-death\/32232472.html\">https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/iran-amini-family-lawyer-pressure-authorities-death\/32232472.html<\/a>. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NA\u00c7\u00d5ES UNIDAS BRASIL.&nbsp;<em>Direitos Humanos no Ir\u00e3 em risco de \u201cdeteriora\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, afirma miss\u00e3o de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/em>&nbsp;5 julho 2023. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/pt\/story\/2023\/07\/1816992\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/pt\/story\/2023\/07\/1816992<\/a>. Acesso em: 27 ago. 2023.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH.&nbsp;<em>Iran: Mass Arrests of Women\u2019s Rights Defenders: At least a dozen arrested ahead of protest\u2019s anniversary.&nbsp;<\/em>Beirut. 19 aAgosto2023. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/08\/19\/iran-mass-arrests-womens-rights-defenders\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/08\/19\/iran-mass-arrests-womens-rights-defenders<\/a>.&nbsp;Acesso em: 27 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UNITED NATIONS. OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER.&nbsp;<em>Oral update by Sara Hossain, Chairperson of the IndependentInternationall Fact-Finding Mission on the Islamic Republic of Iran.&nbsp;<\/em>0Julhoho 2023.&nbsp;Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/statements\/2023\/07\/oral-update-sara-hossain-chairperson-independent-international-fact-finding\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/statements\/2023\/07\/oral-update-sara-hossain-chairperson-independent-international-fact-finding<\/a>.&nbsp;Acesso em: 27 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Vers\u00e3o em Ingl\u00eas<\/u><\/strong><strong><u><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SECTION 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>AXIS: TRANSHUMANITY&nbsp;<\/u><\/strong><strong><u><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Case Masha Amina, Iran.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Text and free translation by Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Master\u2019s Degree in Human Rights from the Law School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Researcher of the Global Crossings Project at the Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Jean Monnet Chair \u2013 European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mahsa Amini, was twenty-two years old when she was arrested by the moral police, in Tehran, capital of Iran. She was accused of exposing a small sample of her hair and of the misuse of the hijab (Islamic veil), remaining detained for a period of three days. While in prison, she was the victim of torture and the most varied forms of physical violence. She ended up passing away on September 16, 2022. The case led to the commotion on social media and incited protests with protesters around the world. While in prison, she was the victim of torture and the most varied forms of physical violence. She ended up passing away on September 16, 2022. The case led to the commotion on social media and incited protests with protesters around the world. (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Iranian government and local authorities claimed that she died of natural causes (2), a fact disputed by Mahsa&#8217;s relatives and exposed by the family&#8217;s lawyer, Mohammad Saleh Nikbakht. He declared the sentence of conducting the police investigation and pre-pressure the family to blame the medical team that provided aid and treatment to Mahsa. According to the lawyer, Mahsa was the victim of beatings and torture by security agents, who took her to the hospital, with loss of more than 95% of her vital signs, and she was already dead. (3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Protests in disapproval of Mahsa&#8217;s illegal detention were met with violent government repression, perceived with acts that repress popular street demonstrations as well as the work carried out by human rights activists, especially those who are in evidence in defense of the rights of women. women. In such a way that the member states of the United Nations are in dialogue with Iran to help the release of these activists, unjustly imprisoned. The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission in Iran presented its first oral report on 5 July 2023 to the United Nations Human Rights Council through its President, Sara Houssain. She&nbsp;<em>expressed concern about bills that provide for even harsher punishments for those who oppose the mandatory use of the headscarf<\/em>, also pointing to the following existing tensions in Iran: discrimination and human rights violations with arbitrary arrests, including journalists and human rights defenders ; the restriction on the exercise of freedom to associate and express themselves; applications of exaggerated punishments; difficulty in collecting evidence; and, above all, the search for the truth. (4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NOTES AND REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>AMNISTIA INTERNACIONAL<strong>.&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Ir\u00e3o, Rostos de uma Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o: pela liberdade das mulheres.<\/em><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnistia.pt\/rostos-revolucao-irao\/\">https:\/\/www.amnistia.pt\/rostos-revolucao-irao\/<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago.&nbsp;25, 2023.<strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SCHREIBER, M.&nbsp;<em>Iran says Mahsa Amni died as a result of illness, not beating, after arrest.&nbsp;<\/em>07 outubro 2022.&nbsp;<strong>FRANCE 24.&nbsp;<\/strong>Available at:<em>&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/middle-east\/20221007-iran-says-mahsa-amini-died-of-illness-not-blows-after-arrest\">https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/middle-east\/20221007-iran-says-mahsa-amini-died-of-illness-not-blows-after-arrest<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 27, 2023.<strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TAYEBI, A.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Mahsa Amini&#8217;s Family, Lawyer Say They&#8217;re Being Pressured To Blame Medical Staff For Her Death<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>RADIO FARDA<\/strong>. 20 Janeiro 2023.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/iran-amini-family-lawyer-pressure-authorities-death\/32232472.html\">https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/iran-amini-family-lawyer-pressure-authorities-death\/32232472.html<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 25, 2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NA\u00c7\u00d5ES UNIDAS BRASIL.&nbsp;<em>Direitos Humanos no Ir\u00e3 em risco de \u201cdeteriora\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, afirma miss\u00e3o de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/em>&nbsp;5 julho 2023. Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/pt\/story\/2023\/07\/1816992\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/pt\/story\/2023\/07\/1816992<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 27, 2023.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH.&nbsp;<em>Iran: Mass Arrests of Women\u2019s Rights Defenders: At least a dozen arrested ahead of protest\u2019s anniversary.&nbsp;<\/em>Beirut. 19 Agosto 2023. Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/08\/19\/iran-mass-arrests-womens-rights-defenders\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/08\/19\/iran-mass-arrests-womens-rights-defenders<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 27, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UNITED NATIONS. OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER.&nbsp;<em>Oral update by Sara Hossain, Chairperson of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Islamic Republic of Iran.&nbsp;<\/em>05 Julho 2023. Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/statements\/2023\/07\/oral-update-sara-hossain-chairperson-independent-international-fact-finding\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/statements\/2023\/07\/oral-update-sara-hossain-chairperson-independent-international-fact-finding<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 27, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><u>EIXO: CIDADANIA GLOBAL<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>G\u00eanero e terrorismo: Conhe\u00e7a Shamima Begum, a cidad\u00e3 do Reino Unido que perdeu a sua cidadania&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto e tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre de Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Mestre em Direitos Humanos pela Faculdade de Direito da USP, Pesquisadora do Projeto&nbsp;<em>Global Crossings&nbsp;<\/em>da Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, C\u00e1tedra Jean Monnet \u2013 Uni\u00e3o Europeia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em 2019, Shamima Begum perdeu a sua cidadania brit\u00e2nica por ter se juntado ao grupo radical Estado Isl\u00e2mico. A decis\u00e3o de revoga\u00e7\u00e3o de sua cidadania ressaltou que Shamima poderia solicitar cidadania ao governo de Bangladesh, pa\u00eds de nascimento de seus pais, contudo, o caso foi remetido a mais alta corte do Reino Unido. Em 26 de fevereiro de 2021, a Suprema Corte brit\u00e2nica em decis\u00e3o un\u00e2nime (UKSC 2020\/157) e com base na Lei de Seguran\u00e7a Nacional, julgou que seria l\u00edcito privar Shamima da cidadania brit\u00e2nica por raz\u00f5es de seguran\u00e7a nacional, tendo em vista a conex\u00e3o de Shamima com os objetivos ideol\u00f3gicos do grupo radical e o terrorismo global. A posi\u00e7\u00e3o do governo brit\u00e2nico de retirar a cidadania de Shamima Begum colocou em evid\u00eancia o crime de terrorismo, a seguran\u00e7a global e o enfrentamento delas pela comunidade internacional. A situa\u00e7\u00e3o de Shamima, ap\u00f3s o julgamento pela Suprema Corte do Reino Unido, em 2021, n\u00e3o foi revertida. A quest\u00e3o foi discutida no dia 27 de mar\u00e7o de 2023 pelo parlamento brit\u00e2nico, no pedido de clem\u00eancia \u00e0 Majestade. (1)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contudo, a defesa alegou que a decis\u00e3o viola direitos fundamentais, visto que al\u00e9m de Shamima se transformar em ap\u00e1trida, no per\u00edodo em que se juntou ao Estado Isl\u00e2mico, ela era menor de idade e pode ter sido v\u00edtima de tr\u00e1fico de pessoas, com fins de explora\u00e7\u00e3o sexual. Na \u00e9poca em que fugiu do Reino Unido, era uma adolescente de quinze anos. Ela viveu na S\u00edria e casou-se com um combatente do grupo radical. Teve tr\u00eas filhos, que vieram a falecer. Ap\u00f3s o enfraquecimento e poderio militar, que culminou na perda de controle em territ\u00f3rios do Iraque e da S\u00edria, pelo Estado Isl\u00e2mico, Shamima ficou detida no campo de deslocados de al-Roj, localizado no nordeste da S\u00edria, enquanto aguardava an\u00e1lise do seu pedido de repatria\u00e7\u00e3o pelas autoridades brit\u00e2nicas. Essa \u00e9 a situa\u00e7\u00e3o de in\u00fameras outras mulheres, cidad\u00e3s ocidentais chamadas de esposas do Califado ou&nbsp;<em>Wives Isis,&nbsp;<\/em>que aparentemente levavam a sua vida de forma corriqueira e sem levantar suspeitas, que deixaram seu pa\u00eds de origem, se deslocaram ao Oriente M\u00e9dio, especialmente ao Iraque e a S\u00edria a fim de se afiliar ao grupo terrorista.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Portanto, a quest\u00e3o fulcral \u00e9 saber de fato, quem seria eleg\u00edvel a ser \u201ccidad\u00e3o do Reino Unido\u201d? Seria por sua vez, a cidadania brit\u00e2nica algo \u201ccondicional\u201d? Shamima, nasceu no Reino Unido e portanto, n\u00e3o era uma cidad\u00e3 naturalizada, preenchendo por conseguinte, os requisitos da Lei da Nacionalidade Brit\u00e2nica de 2002. As repercuss\u00f5es do caso de Shamima Begum foram sentidas pela sociedade, com discuss\u00f5es realizadas por organiza\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o governamentais defensoras dos direitos humanos, tanto que culminou no Projeto de Lei&nbsp;<em>Nationality and Borders Act&nbsp;<\/em>de 2022, que impactam o tratamento pelo governo brit\u00e2nico em quest\u00f5es sens\u00edveis como nacionalidade, imigra\u00e7\u00e3o e asilo. Em outro caso, mas no mesmo sentido de retirar cidadania brit\u00e2nica, que envolveu o cidad\u00e3o brit\u00e2nico-canadense, e por ter se afiliado ao grupo radical isl\u00e2mico, cite-se o do&nbsp;<em>Jihad-Jack.<\/em>&nbsp;(2)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Muito embora seja essencial o enfrentamento e combate ao terrorismo global, principalmente frente aos crimes praticados pelo Estado Isl\u00e2mico, ocorridos em especial nos anos de 2014 at\u00e9 2019, retirar a cidadania brit\u00e2nica e deixar que a situa\u00e7\u00e3o seja enfrentada por outro pa\u00eds, n\u00e3o parece ser a op\u00e7\u00e3o mais eficiente no complexo panorama apresentado. Crimes complexos requerem resolu\u00e7\u00f5es e condu\u00e7\u00f5es mais articuladas, pois afetam a vida das pessoas dos mais diversos pa\u00edses engajados na seguran\u00e7a global. N\u00e3o se deve perder de vista, de que o Reino Unido, a exemplo da Fran\u00e7a e da Espanha, foram vitimizados por ataques terroristas do Estado Isl\u00e2mico, esperando-se assim, por conseguinte, um caminho mais un\u00edssono.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Portanto, a comunidade internacional aguarda medidas mais eficientes e coerentes aos compromissos \u00e9ticos firmados em prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos humanos, n\u00e3o esquecendo de que, apesar das graves acusa\u00e7\u00f5es que possam embasar o pedido de deten\u00e7\u00e3o das pessoas envolvidas (in\u00fameras&nbsp;<em>wives Isis<\/em>&nbsp;e combatentes) que est\u00e3o detidas em campos de deslocados, elas s\u00e3o cidad\u00e3s de algum pa\u00eds e anseiam retornar ao seu pa\u00eds de origem. Esse portanto, pode ser o ponto mais sens\u00edvel, exposto por meio do caso de Shamima Begum: ter o direito de ser cidad\u00e3, ser trazida para casa e ser julgada por um tribunal brit\u00e2nico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NOTAS E REFER\u00caNCAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>REINO UNIDO. Legislation.&nbsp;<strong>Nationality and Borders Act 2022.&nbsp;<\/strong>Reino Unido. Parlamento.&nbsp;<strong>Shamima Begum.&nbsp;<\/strong>Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/lords\/2023-03-27\/debates\/413874BE-714D-4BC6-A41C-87D0D8EBA59B\/ShamimaBegum\">https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/lords\/2023-03-27\/debates\/413874BE-714D-4BC6-A41C-87D0D8EBA59B\/ShamimaBegum<\/a>. Acesso em: 28 ago. 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RAJVANSHI, A.&nbsp;<em>Shamima Begum Lost Her Bid to Regain British Citizenship.&nbsp;<\/em><em>Here\u2019s Why Her Case Matters<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>TIME<\/strong>. 22 de fevereiro de 2023. Dispon\u00edvel em: &lt;https:\/\/time.com\/6257433\/shamima-begum-british-citizenship-appeal\/ &gt;. Acesso em 28 ago. 2023.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>REINO UNIDO. Suprema Corte.&nbsp;<strong>Julgamento Shamima Begum<\/strong>. 26 fevereiro 2021.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.uk\/cases\/docs\/uksc-2020-0156-judgment.pdf\">https:\/\/www.supremecourt.uk\/cases\/docs\/uksc-2020-0156-judgment.pdf<\/a>. Acesso em: 28 ago. 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Vers\u00e3o em ingl\u00eas<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>AXIS: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gender and Terrorism:&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Meet&nbsp;Shamima Begum, the UK citizen who lost her citizenship<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Text and free translation by Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Master\u2019s Degree in Human Rights from the Law School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Researcher of the Global Crossings Project at the Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Jean Monnet Chair \u2013 European Union<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2019, Shamima Begum lost her British citizenship for joining the radical Islamic State group. The judgment to revoke her citizenship highlighted that Shamima could apply for citizenship to the government of Bangladesh, the country of birth of her parents, however, the case was referred to the highest court in the United Kingdom. On February 26, 2021, the British Supreme Court in a unanimous decision (UKSC 2020\/157) based on the National Security Act, ruled that it would be lawful to deprive Shamima of British citizenship for reasons of national security, in given the connection of Shamima with the radical group&#8217;s ideological goals and global terrorism. The British government&#8217;s decision to withdraw Shamima Begum&#8217;s citizenship has highlighted the crime of terrorism, global security, and the international community&#8217;s response to them. Shamima&#8217;s situation, following the judgment by the UK Supreme Court in 2021, has not been reversed. The issue was discussed on March 27, 2023, by the British Parliament, in the request for clemency to the Majesty. (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the defense claimed that the decision violates fundamental rights, since in addition to Shamima becoming stateless, during the period in which she joined the Islamic State, she was a minor and may have been a victim of human trafficking, with the purpose of sexual exploitation. At the time she fled the UK, she was a fifteen-year-old teenager. She lived in Syria and married a fighter from the radical group. She had three children, who all died. After the weakening of military power, which culminated in the loss of control over territories in Iraq and Syria, by the Islamic State, Shamima was detained in the displaced persons camp of al-Roj, located in northeast Syria, while awaiting analysis of her request to repatriation by the British authorities. This is the situation of countless other women, Western citizens called Wives of the Caliphate or Wives Isis, who led their lives in a commonplace way and without arousing suspicion, who left their country of origin, moved to the Middle East, especially Iraq, and Syria to affiliate with the terrorist group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the key question is to know who would be eligible to be a \u201cUnited Kingdom citizen\u201d? Is British citizenship something \u201cconditional\u201d in turn? Shamima was born in the UK and therefore not a naturalized citizen, fulfilling the requirements of the British Nationality Act 2002. The repercussions of the Shamima Begum case were felt by society, with discussions held by non-governmental organizations that defend human rights, so much so that it culminated in the Nationality and Borders Act of 2022, which impacted theimpactedment by the British government of sensitive issues such as nationality, immigration, and asylum. Another case, but in the same sense of withdrawing British citizenship, which involved theaitish-Canadian citizen, for having affiliated with the Islamic radical group, is the Jihad-Jack case. (2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although it is essential to confront and combat global terrorism, especially in the face of the crimes committed by the Islamic State, which occurred especially in the years 2014 to 2019, withdrawing British citizenship and letting the situation be faced by another country, does not seem to be the answer. most efficient option in the complex panorama presented. Complex crimes require more articulated resolutions and conduct, as they affect the lives of people in the most diverse countries engaged in global security. It should not be lost sight of the fact that the United Kingdom, like France and Spain, was victimized by terrorist attacks by the Islamic State, and therefore a more unified path is expected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the international community awaits measures that are more efficient and consistent with the ethical commitments signed in the protection of human rights, not forgetting that, despite the serious accusations that may support the request for the arrest of the people involved (innumerable Isis wives and fighters) who are being held in displacement camps, they are citizens of some country and yearn to return to their country of origin.&nbsp;This, therefore, may be the most sensitive point, exposed through the case of Shamima Begum: having the right to be a citizen, be brought home, and be judged by a British court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NOTES AND REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>REINO UNIDO. Legislation.&nbsp;<strong>Nationality and Borders Act 2022.&nbsp;<\/strong>Reino Unido. Parlamento.&nbsp;<strong>Shamima Begum.&nbsp;<\/strong>Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/lords\/2023-03-27\/debates\/413874BE-714D-4BC6-A41C-87D0D8EBA59B\/ShamimaBegum\">https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/lords\/2023-03-27\/debates\/413874BE-714D-4BC6-A41C-87D0D8EBA59B\/ShamimaBegum<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 28, 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RAJVANSHI, A.&nbsp;<em>Shamima Begum Lost Her Bid to Regain British Citizenship. Here\u2019s Why Her Case Matters<\/em>.&nbsp;<strong>TIME<\/strong>. 22 de fevereiro de 2023.&nbsp;Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https:\/\/time.com\/6257433\/shamima-begum-british-citizenship-appeal\/ &gt;.&nbsp;Access at: Ago.&nbsp;28 ago, 2023.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>REINO UNIDO. The Supreme Court.&nbsp;<strong>Judgment<\/strong>. 26 February 2021.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.uk\/cases\/docs\/uksc-2020-0156-judgment.pdf\">https:\/\/www.supremecourt.uk\/cases\/docs\/uksc-2020-0156-judgment.pdf<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago.&nbsp;28, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SE\u00c7\u00c3O 2&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>EIXO: MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Caso Urgenda, na Holanda.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto e tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre de Val\u00e9ria Em\u00edlia de Aquino, Doutoranda em Direitos Humanos pela Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Brasil e bolsista-sandu\u00edche CAPES pela Universidade de Floren\u00e7a, It\u00e1lia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Esta demanda foi a primeira decis\u00e3o do mundo, que ordenou um Estado a limitar as emiss\u00f5es de gases de efeito estufa, por motivos que n\u00e3o sejam mandatos estatut\u00e1rios. Este caso foi iniciado pela Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Urgenda e outros 900 cidad\u00e3os holandeses, em 2015, que processaram o governo holand\u00eas no intuito de exigir que este adote a\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas compat\u00edveis e suficientes no \u00e2mbito das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas. Neste sentido, o Tribunal de Haia decidiu que o pa\u00eds deveria reduzir as emiss\u00f5es de gases de efeito estufa a 25% abaixo dos n\u00edveis de 1990 at\u00e9 2020, considerando as metas e a\u00e7\u00f5es at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o adotadas como insuficientes. Al\u00e9m disso, tamb\u00e9m ressaltou que \u00e9 dever do Estado, de adotar medidas de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o adequadas, \u00e0 luz dos princ\u00edpios de nenhum dano (<em>no harm principle<\/em>); da precau\u00e7\u00e3o; e, da sustentabilidade, incorporados na pol\u00edtica clim\u00e1tica europeia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O Estado holand\u00eas apelou da decis\u00e3o, alegando ativismo judici\u00e1rio ao dar \u201cuma ordem para criar legisla\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, o que prejudicaria a separa\u00e7\u00e3o dos tr\u00eas poderes. Entretanto, em 09 de outubro de 2018, o Tribunal de Apela\u00e7\u00e3o de Haia manteve a decis\u00e3o, concluindo que ao n\u00e3o reduzir as emiss\u00f5es no&nbsp;<em>quantum<\/em>&nbsp;em quest\u00e3o, o governo incorre em viola\u00e7\u00e3o dos Artigos 2\u00ba (direito \u00e0 vida) e 8\u00ba (direito \u00e0 vida familiar, ao lar e \u00e0 correspond\u00eancia) da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Europeia de Direitos Humanos. Irresignado, o Estado recorreu novamente da decis\u00e3o, apresentando recurso \u00e0 Suprema Corte da Holanda que, enfim, confirmou a decis\u00e3o em 20 de dezembro de 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFER\u00caNCIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CLIMATE CASE CHART.&nbsp;<strong>Urgenda Foundation v. Netherlands<\/strong>.&nbsp;Dispon\u00edvel em: http:\/\/climatecasechart.com\/non-us-case\/urgenda-foundation-v-kingdom-of-the-netherlands\/.&nbsp;Acesso em: 15 Ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Vers\u00e3o em Ingl\u00eas<\/u><\/strong><strong><u><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SECTION 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>AXIS: CLIMATE CHANGE AND ECOCIDIUM<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Case Urgenda, Netherlands<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Text and translation by Val\u00e9ria Em\u00edlia de Aquino, Ph.D. Student, Human Rights, Law School, University Federal of Goias, Brazil and CAPES&nbsp;scholarship, Brazil\/&nbsp;University of Florence, Italy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This judgment was the first decision in the world, which ordered a State to limit greenhouse gas emissions, for reasons other than statutory mandates. This case was initiated by the Urgenda Foundation and 900 other Dutch citizens in 2015, who sued the Dutch government to demand that it take compatible and sufficient climate action in the context of climate change. In this sense, the Hague Court decided that the country should reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 25% below 1990 levels by 2020, considering the targets and actions adopted so far as insufficient. In addition, he also stressed that the State must adopt appropriate mitigation measures, in light of the no-harm principle; of precaution; and sustainability, incorporated into European climate policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Dutch state appealed the decision, citing judicial activism by giving \u201cto create legislation\u201d, which would undermine the separation of the three powers. However, on October 9, 2018, the Court of Appeal in The Hague upheld the decision, concluding that by not reducing emissions by the quantum in question, the government violates Articles 2 (right to life) and 8 (right to life). family, home, and correspondence) of the European Convention on Human Rights. Dissatisfied, the State appealed again against the decision, filing an appeal with the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, which finally upheld the decision on December 20, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFERENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CLIMATE CASE CHART.&nbsp;<strong>Urgenda Foundation v. Netherlands<\/strong>.&nbsp;Available at:&nbsp;http:\/\/climatecasechart.com\/non-us-case\/urgenda-foundation-v-kingdom-of-the-netherlands\/.&nbsp;Access at:&nbsp;Ago. 15, 2023.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>A Defini\u00e7\u00e3o do Crime de Ecoc\u00eddio:&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>uma vis\u00e3o a partir da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Cidad\u00e3 para o Clima<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto de Ca\u00edque Viana,&nbsp;graduando em Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais, Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Brasil.&nbsp;Free translation by Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Master\u2019s Degree in Human Rights from the Law School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Researcher of the Global Crossings Project at the Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Jean Monnet Chair \u2013 European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No cen\u00e1rio global atual, \u00e9 ineg\u00e1vel a urg\u00eancia de instituir uma legisla\u00e7\u00e3o abrangente destinada a salvaguardar os preciosos ecossistemas da iminente degrada\u00e7\u00e3o e destrui\u00e7\u00e3o. De acordo com a publica\u00e7\u00e3o intitulada &#8220;Propostas da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Cidad\u00e3 para o Clima: Se Nourrir&#8221;, disponibilizada pelo Minist\u00e9rio da Transi\u00e7\u00e3o Ecol\u00f3gica e Solid\u00e1ria (MTES) da Fran\u00e7a, al\u00e9m de preservar a habitabilidade do nosso planeta, essa legisla\u00e7\u00e3o deve desempenhar um papel cr\u00edtico no controle das emiss\u00f5es de gases de efeito estufa, cujos efeitos j\u00e1 se mostram impactantes. Sendo assim, uma abordagem vital desse empreendimento \u00e9 a imposi\u00e7\u00e3o de responsabilidades legais e financeiras sobre os agentes causadores de degrada\u00e7\u00e3o, garantindo assim a continuidade dos ecossistemas e a sustentabilidade global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O objetivo 7.1 delineado pela Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Cidad\u00e3 para o Clima destaca a import\u00e2ncia crucial de estabelecer uma legisla\u00e7\u00e3o que proteja os ecossistemas, buscando coibir a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o e a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o, enquanto tamb\u00e9m regula as emiss\u00f5es de gases de efeito estufa. Este esfor\u00e7o n\u00e3o deve apenas buscar garantir a sobreviv\u00eancia da humanidade, mas tamb\u00e9m preservar o equil\u00edbrio ecol\u00f3gico que \u00e9 essencial para todas as formas de vida no nosso planeta. A base dessa legisla\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a imposi\u00e7\u00e3o de responsabilidade legal e financeira sobre os respons\u00e1veis pela degrada\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental, visando proteger e manter os ecossistemas para as gera\u00e7\u00f5es futuras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As implica\u00e7\u00f5es da degrada\u00e7\u00e3o dos ecossistemas s\u00e3o amplas e complexas, especialmente no que diz respeito \u00e0s emiss\u00f5es de gases de efeito estufa. A atividade humana pode desencadear um efeito cascata, levando a situa\u00e7\u00f5es irrevers\u00edveis de extin\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies e eventos clim\u00e1ticos extremos. A perda de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o e a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o do solo impactam diretamente a regula\u00e7\u00e3o clim\u00e1tica, al\u00e9m de afetar o ciclo de carbono. A destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de florestas pode comprometer a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de nuvens e chuvas, e a redu\u00e7\u00e3o do pl\u00e2ncton marinho tem implica\u00e7\u00f5es na capacidade do oceano em absorver o carbono atmosf\u00e9rico. Um elemento crucial destacado neste contexto \u00e9 a necessidade de legislar contra o ecoc\u00eddio. A cria\u00e7\u00e3o de uma legisla\u00e7\u00e3o que proteja os ecossistemas assume um papel fundamental para manter o equil\u00edbrio ecol\u00f3gico e controlar as emiss\u00f5es de gases de efeito estufa. Al\u00e9m disso, essa legisla\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m deve procurar responsabilizar aqueles que causam danos ambientais atrav\u00e9s de consequ\u00eancias legais e financeiras. A inclus\u00e3o do crime de ecoc\u00eddio nessa legisla\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um passo significativo para inibir e punir aqueles que deliberadamente prejudicam o meio ambiente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A abordagem proposta na legisla\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m busca estabelecer limites e regulamenta\u00e7\u00f5es abrangentes para atividades industriais e agr\u00edcolas que t\u00eam contribu\u00eddo para a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental. Isso inclui medidas para prevenir a explora\u00e7\u00e3o excessiva de esp\u00e9cies, como a pr\u00e1tica de pesca excessiva, o desmatamento e a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies invasoras. Al\u00e9m disso, a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o reconhece a amea\u00e7a significativa das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas aos ecossistemas e \u00e0 vida no planeta, e procura lidar com esse impacto de maneira eficaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma estrat\u00e9gia not\u00e1vel proposta pela Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Cidad\u00e3 para o Clima \u00e9 a integra\u00e7\u00e3o dos &#8220;limites planet\u00e1rios&#8221; nas leis nacionais. Esses limites s\u00e3o determinados com base em conhecimentos cient\u00edficos atualizados e estabelecem par\u00e2metros seguros para a atividade humana em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos recursos naturais e aos sistemas ecol\u00f3gicos. Ao incorporar esses limites nas legisla\u00e7\u00f5es nacionais, espera-se que possamos regular e avaliar continuamente nosso progresso em dire\u00e7\u00e3o a metas sustent\u00e1veis, levando em considera\u00e7\u00e3o os avan\u00e7os cient\u00edficos e tecnol\u00f3gicos em curso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFER\u00caNCIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Propostas da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Cidad\u00e3 para o Clima: Se Nourrir. Minist\u00e9rio da Transi\u00e7\u00e3o Ecol\u00f3gica e Solid\u00e1ria (MTES), Fran\u00e7a. Dispon\u00edvel em: &lt;https:\/\/propositions.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr\/objectif\/legiferer-sur-le-crime-decocide\/#:~:text=Proposition%20de%20d%C3%A9finition%20du%20crime,qui%20ne%20pouvaient%20%C3%AAtre%20ignor%C3%A9es&gt;.Acesso em: 18 de Agosto de 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Vers\u00e3o em ingl\u00eas<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2.<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>The Definition of the Crime of Ecocide: The vision based on the Citizen Climate Convention<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Text by&nbsp;Ca\u00edque Viana, an&nbsp;undergraduate student in International Affairs, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Brazil.Free translation by Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Master\u2019s Degree in Human Rights from the Law School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Researcher of the Global Crossings Project at the Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Jean Monnet Chair \u2013 European Union.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the current global scenario, there is an undeniable urgency to institute comprehensive legislation aimed at safeguarding precious ecosystems from imminent degradation and destruction. According to the publication entitled &#8220;Citizen Convention Proposals for the Climate: If Nourrir&#8221;, made available by the Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity Transition (MTES) of France, in addition to preserving the habitability of our planet, this legislation must play a critical role in the control of greenhouse gas emissions, whose effects are already showing impact.&nbsp;Therefore, a vital approach to this undertaking is the imposition of legal and financial responsibilities on agents causing degradation, thus guaranteeing the continuity of ecosystems and global sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Goal 7.1&nbsp;outlined by the Citizen Climate Convention highlights the crucial importance of establishing legislation that protects ecosystems, seeking to curb degradation and destruction, while also regulating greenhouse gas emissions. This effort must not only seek to ensure the survival of humanity but also to preserve the ecological balance that is essential for all forms of life on our planet. The basis of this legislation is the imposition of legal and financial responsibility on those responsible for environmental degradation, to protect and maintain ecosystems for future generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The implications of ecosystem degradation are wide-ranging and complex, especially about greenhouse gas emissions. Human activity can trigger a ripple effect, leading to irreversible species extinctions and extreme weather events. Vegetation loss and soil degradation directly impact climate regulation, in addition to affecting the carbon cycle. The destruction of forests can compromise cloud formation and rainfall, and the reduction of marine plankton has implications for the ocean&#8217;s ability to absorb atmospheric carbon. A crucial element highlighted in this context is the need to legislate against ecocide. The creation of legislation that protects ecosystems plays a fundamental role in maintaining the ecological balance and controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, this legislation should also seek to hold accountable those who cause environmental damage through legal and financial consequences. The inclusion of the crime of ecocide in this legislation is a significant step towards inhibiting and punishing those who deliberately harm the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The approach proposed in the legislation also seeks to establish comprehensive limits and regulations for industrial and agricultural activities that have contributed to environmental degradation. This includes measures to prevent overexploitation of species, such as overfishing, deforestation, and the introduction of invasive species. Furthermore, the legislation recognizes the significant threat posed by climate change to ecosystems and life on the planet and seeks to address this impact effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A notable strategy proposed by the Citizens&#8217; Climate Convention is the integration of &#8220;planetary boundaries&#8221; into national laws. These limits are determined based on up-to-date scientific knowledge and establish safe parameters for human activity about natural resources and ecological systems. By incorporating these thresholds into national legislation, it is expected that we will be able to continuously regulate and assess our progress toward sustainable goals, taking into account ongoing scientific and technological advances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>FRANCE<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>Convention Citoyenne pour le Climate. L\u00e9gif\u00e9rer sur le crime d\u2019\u00e9cocide.&nbsp;<\/em>Minist\u00e9rio da Transi\u00e7\u00e3o Ecol\u00f3gica e Solid\u00e1ria (MTES). Available&nbsp;at: https:\/\/propositions.conventioncitoyennepourleclimat.fr\/objectif\/legiferer-sur-le-crime-decocide\/#:~:text=Proposition%20de%20d%C3%A9finition%20du%20crime,qui%20ne%20pouvaient%20%C3%AAtre%20ignor%C3%A9es. Access at: Ago. 18, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SE\u00c7\u00c3O 3<\/strong>:&nbsp;<strong>CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>EIXO: MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Solicita\u00e7\u00e3o de Opini\u00e3o Consultiva Vanuatu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto de Val\u00e9ria Em\u00edlia de Aquino, Doutoranda em Direitos Humanos pela Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Brasil e bolsista-sandu\u00edche CAPES pela Universidade de Floren\u00e7a, It\u00e1lia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A solicita\u00e7\u00e3o de Opini\u00e3o Consultiva sobre Mudan\u00e7as Clim\u00e1ticas feita pela \u201cIniciativa CIJ Vanuatu\u201d (<em>Vanuatu ICJ Initiative<\/em>) \u00e0 Corte Internacional de Justi\u00e7a (CIJ) \u00e9 resultado de um esfor\u00e7o comum de 132 pa\u00edses, liderados pela Rep\u00fablica de Vanuatu -pa\u00eds que vem gravemente sofrendo com os impactos das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas-, que adotou a Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o A\/77\/L. X, perante \u00e0 77\u00aa Sess\u00e3o da Assembleia Geral das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas, em Fevereiro de 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nesta Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o, a coalis\u00e3o de pa\u00edses retoma os principais tratados de direitos humanos, e princ\u00edpios de Direito Internacional Ambiental -como os da preven\u00e7\u00e3o, precau\u00e7\u00e3o, prote\u00e7\u00e3o e preserva\u00e7\u00e3o-, para ent\u00e3o formular as seguintes perguntas \u00e0 CIJ:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c (1) Quais s\u00e3o as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados sob o direito internacional para garantir a prote\u00e7\u00e3o do sistema clim\u00e1tico e outras partes do meio ambiente das emiss\u00f5es antropog\u00eanicas de gases de efeito estufa para os Estados e para as gera\u00e7\u00f5es presentes e futuras;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) Quais s\u00e3o as consequ\u00eancias legais dessas obriga\u00e7\u00f5es para os Estados onde eles, por suas a\u00e7\u00f5es e omiss\u00f5es, tenham causado danos significativos ao sistema clim\u00e1tico e outras partes do meio ambiente, com rela\u00e7\u00e3o a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Estados, incluindo, em particular, pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento, que devido \u00e0s suas circunst\u00e2ncias geogr\u00e1ficas e n\u00edvel de desenvolvimento, s\u00e3o prejudicados ou especialmente afetados ou s\u00e3o particularmente vulner\u00e1veis aos efeitos adversos da mudan\u00e7a do clima?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Povos e indiv\u00edduos das gera\u00e7\u00f5es presentes e futuras afetados pelos efeitos adversos da mudan\u00e7a clim\u00e1tica?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Esta \u00e9, portanto, a primeira solicita\u00e7\u00e3o de Opini\u00e3o Consultiva \u00e0 Corte, que versa sobre a tem\u00e1tica das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas, e que at\u00e9 o presente momento, aguarda manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o da mesma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFER\u00caNCIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>VANUATU ICJ INITIATIVE.&nbsp;<strong>Vanuatu ICJ Initiative<\/strong>. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vanuatuicj.com\/\">https:\/\/www.vanuatuicj.com\/<\/a>. Acesso em:&nbsp;15 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Vers\u00e3o em Ingl\u00eas<\/u><\/strong><strong><u><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SECTION 3: INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>AXIS: CLIMATE CHANGE AND ECOCIDIUM<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Request for an Advisory Opinion Vanuatu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Text by Val\u00e9ria Em\u00edlia de Aquino, Ph.D. Student, Human Rights, Law School, University Federal of Goias, Brazil and CAPES&nbsp;scholarship, Brazil\/&nbsp;University of Florence, Italy. Free translation by Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Master\u2019s Degree in Human Rights from the Law School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Researcher of the Global Crossings Project at the Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Jean Monnet Chair \u2013 European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The request for an Advisory Opinion on Climate Change made by the \u201cVanuatu ICJ Initiative\u201d (Vanuatu ICJ Initiative) to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the result of a common effort by 132 countries, led by the Republic of Vanuatu -a country that has been seriously suffering from the impacts of climate change-, which adopted Resolution A\/77\/L. X, before the 77th Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, in February 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this Resolution, the coalition of countries takes up the main human rights treaties, and principles of International Environmental Law -such as prevention, precaution, protection, and preservation-, and then formulates the following questions to the ICJ:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c(1) What are the obligations of States under international law to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States and for present and future generations;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What are the legal consequences of these obligations for States where they, by their actions or omissions, have caused significant damage to the climate system and other parts of the environment, concerning:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>States, including, in particular, small island developing States, which due to their geographic circumstances and level of development, are disadvantaged or particularly affected by, or are particularly vulnerable to, the adverse effects of climate change?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peoples and individuals of present and future generations affected by the adverse effects of climate change?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This is, therefore, the first request for an Advisory Opinion to the Court, which deals with the theme of climate change, and which, until the present moment, awaits its manifestation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFERENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>VANUATU ICJ INITIATIVE.&nbsp;<strong>Vanuatu ICJ Initiative<\/strong>.&nbsp;Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vanuatuicj.com\/\">https:\/\/www.vanuatuicj.com\/<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at:&nbsp;Ago. 15, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SE\u00c7\u00c3O 4:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>EIXO: MUDAN\u00c7AS CLIM\u00c1TICAS E ECOC\u00cdDIO<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Solicita\u00e7\u00e3o de Opini\u00e3o Consultiva do Meio Ambiente<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto de Val\u00e9ria Em\u00edlia de Aquino, Doutoranda em Direitos Humanos pela Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Brasil e bolsista-sandu\u00edche CAPES pela Universidade de Floren\u00e7a, It\u00e1lia.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Em 09 de Janeiro de 2023, Chile e Col\u00f4mbia somaram esfor\u00e7os para solicitar, \u00e0 Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, Opini\u00e3o Consultiva sobre o alcance das obriga\u00e7\u00f5es estatais no que concerne a resposta \u00e0 emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica no \u00e2mbito do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Para tanto, os dois pa\u00edses prepararam uma nota introdut\u00f3ria abordando: a interse\u00e7\u00e3o entre mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas e direitos humanos; a necessidade de haver padr\u00f5es interamericanos de resposta, mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o e adapta\u00e7\u00e3o, r\u00e1pidos e efetivos para enfrentamento da crise; e retomou a Opini\u00e3o Consultiva 23\/2017, tamb\u00e9m solicitada pela Col\u00f4mbia, que disp\u00f4s sobre a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre meio ambiente e direitos humanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No mesmo documento, os Estados solicitantes apresentaram uma s\u00e9rie de questionamentos sobre: as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados de preven\u00e7\u00e3o e garantia dos direitos humanos no contexto clim\u00e1tico; a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o Estatal de preservar o direito \u00e0 vida e \u00e0 sobreviv\u00eancia; a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o dos Estados e o direito das crian\u00e7as no \u00e2mbito clim\u00e1tico; as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos Estados oriundas dos processos de consulta e judiciais relacionados \u00e0 emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica; as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o e preven\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s mulheres, defensores do meio ambiente, comunidades ind\u00edgenas e afrodescendentes no que se refere \u00e0 emerg\u00eancia clim\u00e1tica; as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es compartilhadas e diferenciadas dos Estados neste contexto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At\u00e9 o presente momento, a Opini\u00e3o Consultiva encontra-se pendente, e com prazo aberto para a submiss\u00e3o de&nbsp;<em>amicus curiae<\/em>, por terceiros interessados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFER\u00caNCIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CORTE IDH.&nbsp;<strong>Pedido de Parecer Consultivo da Rep\u00fablica da Col\u00f4mbia e da Rep\u00fablica do Chile \u00e0 Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre Emerg\u00eancia Clim\u00e1tica e Direitos Humanos<\/strong>. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/soc_1_2023_pt.pdf. Acesso em: 15 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Vers\u00e3o em Ingl\u00eas<\/u><\/strong><strong><u><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Request for an Environmental Advisory Opinion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Text by Val\u00e9ria Em\u00edlia de Aquino, Ph.D. Student, Human Rights, Law School, University Federal of Goias, Brazil and CAPES&nbsp;scholarship, Brazil\/&nbsp;University of Florence, Italy. Free translation by Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Master\u2019s Degree in Human Rights from the Law School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Researcher of the Global Crossings Project at the Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Jean Monnet Chair \u2013 European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On January 9, 2023, Chile and Colombia joined forces to request an Advisory Opinion from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the scope of State obligations regarding the response to the climate emergency within the framework of International Human Rights Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To this end, the two countries prepared an introductory note addressing: the intersection between climate change and human rights; the need for quick and effective inter-American response, mitigation, and adaptation standards to face the crisis; and resumed Advisory Opinion 23\/2017, also requested by Colombia, which dealt with the relationship between the environment and human rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the same document, the requesting States presented a series of questions about the obligations of the States to prevent and guarantee human rights in the climate context; the State obligation to preserve the right to life and survival; States&#8217; obligations and children&#8217;s rights in the climate context; States&#8217; obligations arising from consultation and judicial processes related to the climate emergency; States&#8217; obligations arising from consultation and judicial processes related to the climate emergency; the protection and prevention obligations for women, environmental defenders, indigenous communities and people of African descent concerning the climate emergency; the shared and differentiated obligations of States in this context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Up to the present moment, the Advisory Opinion is pending, and with an open deadline for the submission of amicus curiae, by interested third parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFERENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CORTE IDH.&nbsp;<strong>Pedido de Parecer Consultivo da Rep\u00fablica da Col\u00f4mbia e da Rep\u00fablica do Chile \u00e0 Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre Emerg\u00eancia Clim\u00e1tica e Direitos Humanos<\/strong>.&nbsp;Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/soc_1_2023_pt.pdf.&nbsp;Access at:&nbsp;Ago. 15, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>EIXO CIDADANIA GLOBAL<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Caso Marcia Barbosa de Souza<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto e tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre de Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Mestre em Direitos Humanos pela Faculdade de Direito da USP, Pesquisadora do Projeto&nbsp;<em>Global Crossings&nbsp;<\/em>da Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, C\u00e1tedra Jean Monnet \u2013 Uni\u00e3o Europeia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No dia 17 de junho de 1998, Marcia Barbosa de Souza, mulher negra, encontrou-se num motel com o deputado A\u00e9rcio Pereira e posteriormente foi encontrada sem vida, num terreno baldio nas imedia\u00e7\u00f5es de Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, Brasil. Uma testemunha viu o corpo da v\u00edtima ser jogado de dentro do carro do deputado (\u00e0 \u00e9poca) no terreno baldio. O deputado sempre negou os fatos.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No dia 28 de mar\u00e7o de 2000, a Comiss\u00e3o Interamericana de Direitos Humanos recebeu peti\u00e7\u00e3o proposta pelo Movimento Nacional de Direitos Humanos (MNDH) \/ Regional Nordeste e Gabinete de Assessoria Jur\u00eddica \u00e0s Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es Populares (GAJOP); no dia 26 de julho de 2007, a Comiss\u00e3o aprovou o Relat\u00f3rio de Admissibilidade n\u00ba 38\/07 (doravante denominado \u201cRelat\u00f3rio de Admissibilidade\u201d ou \u201cRelat\u00f3rio n\u00ba 38\/07), por meio do qual concluiu que a peti\u00e7\u00e3o inicial era admiss\u00edvel; o relat\u00f3rio de m\u00e9rito, com uma s\u00e9rie de recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es ao estado brasileiro foi realizado no dia 12 de fevereiro de 2019; tendo sido o caso submetido \u00e0 Corte Interamericana a totalidade dos fatos e viola\u00e7\u00f5es de direitos humanos descritas no relat\u00f3rio de m\u00e9rito, a fim de obter justi\u00e7a e repara\u00e7\u00e3o aos familiares da v\u00edtima. Nos dias 06 e 07 de setembro de 2021, a Corte deliberou a senten\u00e7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O caso Marcia Barbosa de Souza remonta \u00e0s desigualdades hist\u00f3ricas, sociais, culturais e pol\u00edticas, \u00e0s discuss\u00f5es de poder, de classe social e de g\u00eanero de uma sociedade machista e sexista. Existem desigualdades estruturais, flagradas em aspectos sociais, econ\u00f4micos e de g\u00eanero entre a v\u00edtima (mulher pobre e negra) e o acusado (homem rico, branco e deputado estadual). Outro fator considerado pela decis\u00e3o da Corte foi o decurso de prazo para iniciar a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o policial, as quest\u00f5es internas legislativas que dificultaram a apura\u00e7\u00e3o dos fatos, como a alega\u00e7\u00e3o de foro parlamentar pelo acusado e conflitos de compet\u00eancias na persecu\u00e7\u00e3o criminal. Na condi\u00e7\u00e3o de deputado, discutiu-se a necessidade de autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o ou n\u00e3o da Assembleia Legislativa estadual para in\u00edcio desse procedimento. Portanto, por meio das graves viola\u00e7\u00f5es de direitos humanos \u00e0 Marcia Barbosa de Souza, reconheceu-se a responsabilidade internacional do Brasil e que ordenaram, por conseguinte ao Estado brasileiro, a ado\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas de repara\u00e7\u00e3o, dentre elas, a\u00e7\u00f5es mais efetivas na condu\u00e7\u00e3o de apura\u00e7\u00e3o dos crimes de viol\u00eancia contra a mulher e para implementar pol\u00edticas nacionais eficazes no enfrentamento dessas viol\u00eancias.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma das medidas adotadas pelo governo brasileiro foi a cria\u00e7\u00e3o do Protocolo para julgamento com perspectiva de g\u00eanero, criado em 2021 pelo Conselho Nacional de Justi\u00e7a. O Protocolo \u00e9 em suma, o instrumento balizador a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do direito sob as lentes de g\u00eanero por todos os profissionais, para que os casos envolvendo direito das mulheres sejam tratados de forma adequada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFER\u00caNCIAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BRASIL.&nbsp;<\/strong>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A.&nbsp;<em>Protocolo para Julgamento com Perspectiva de G\u00eanero.&nbsp;<\/em>Bras\u00edlia. 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnj.jus.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/protocolo-18-10-2021-final.pdf\">https:\/\/www.cnj.jus.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/protocolo-18-10-2021-final.pdf<\/a>. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS.&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Caso Barbosa de Souza e outros vs. Brasil.&nbsp;<\/em>07 de setembro 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/casos\/articulos\/seriec_435_por.pdf\">https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/casos\/articulos\/seriec_435_por.pdf<\/a>. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Vers\u00e3o em ingl\u00eas<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>Case Marcia Barbosa de Souza<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Text and free translation by Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Master\u2019s Degree in Human Rights from the Law School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Researcher of the Global Crossings Project at the Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Jean Monnet Chair \u2013 European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On June 17, 1998, Marcia Barbosa de Souza, a black woman, found herself in a motel with deputy A\u00e9rcio Pereira and was later found dead in a vacant lot near Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, Brazil. A witness saw the victim&#8217;s body being thrown from the deputy&#8217;s car (at the time) into the vacant lot. The deputy always denied the facts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On March 28, 2000, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights received a petition proposed by the National Human Rights Movement (MNDH) \/ Northeastern Region and Office of Legal Advice to Popular Organizations (GAJOP); on July 26, 2007, the Commission approved Admissibility Report No. 38\/07 (hereinafter referred to as \u201cAdmissibility Report\u201d or \u201cReport No. 38\/07), through which it concluded that the initial petition was admissible; the merit report, with a series of recommendations to the Brazilian state, was carried out on February 12, 2019; the case having been submitted to the Inter-American Court with all the facts and violations of human rights described in the merits report, to obtain justice and reparation for the victim&#8217;s next of kin. On September 06 and 07, 2021, the Court deliberated the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Marcia Barbosa de Souza case goes back to historical, social, cultural, and political inequalities, to discussions of power, social class, and gender in a sexist and sexist society. There are structural inequalities, caught in social, economic, and gender aspects between the victim (poor, black woman) and the accused (rich, white man and state deputy). Another factor considered by the Court&#8217;s decision was the delay in starting the police investigation, the internal legislative issues that made it difficult to verify the facts, such as the claim of parliamentary jurisdiction by the accused and conflicts of competence in criminal prosecution. As a deputy, the need for authorization or not from the state Legislative Assembly to initiate this procedure was discussed. Therefore, through the serious violations of human rights against Marcia Barbosa de Souza, Brazil&#8217;s international responsibility was recognized and, the Brazilian State was ordered to adopt measures of reparation, among them, more effective actions in the conduct of investigation of crimes of violence against women and to implement effective national policies to combat this violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the measures adopted by the Brazilian government was the creation of the Protocol for Judgment with a gender perspective, created in 2021 by the National Council of Justice.&nbsp;The Protocol is, in short, the guiding instrument for the application of the law under the lens of gender by all professionals, so that cases involving women&#8217;s rights are handled appropriately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BRASIL.&nbsp;<\/strong>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A.&nbsp;<em>Protocolo para Julgamento com Perspectiva de G\u00eanero.&nbsp;<\/em>Bras\u00edlia. 2021.&nbsp;Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnj.jus.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/protocolo-18-10-2021-final.pdf\">https:\/\/www.cnj.jus.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/protocolo-18-10-2021-final.pdf<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 25, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS.&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Caso Barbosa de Souza e outros vs. Brasil.&nbsp;<\/em>07 de setembro 2021.&nbsp;Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/casos\/articulos\/seriec_435_por.pdf\">https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/casos\/articulos\/seriec_435_por.pdf<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at:&nbsp;Ago. 25, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>SE\u00c7\u00c3O 5:<\/u><\/strong><strong>&nbsp;NOT\u00cdCIAS DA UNI\u00c3O EUROPEIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>A problem\u00e1tica dos animais: Comiss\u00e3o Europeia refor\u00e7a atua\u00e7\u00e3o para a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o progressiva de ensaios em animais em resposta \u00e0 Iniciativa de Cidadania Europeia<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto e tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre de&nbsp;Izabella Vieira Nunes, mestranda na Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), bolsista CAPES\/BRASIL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A proibi\u00e7\u00e3o de ensaios em animais \u00e9 uma tem\u00e1tica que divide opini\u00f5es no cen\u00e1rio global, muito embora haja certo consenso de veda\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 malefic\u00eancia provocada aos animais n\u00e3o humanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A exemplo, a Uni\u00e3o Europeia proibiu totalmente, em 2013, a comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o de cosm\u00e9ticos cuja fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o realiza ensaios em animais, a fim de promover e incentivar o bem-estar destes (EC, 2013). Entretanto, essa a\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o foi suficiente para, de fato, vedar a crueldade perpetrada contra os animais em experimentos e ensaios de produtos em benef\u00edcio humano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nesta conjuntura, foi proposta, perante a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia, uma Iniciativa de Cidadania Europeia (<em>Save cruelty free cosmetics \u2013 commit to a Europe without animal testing<\/em>), preenchidos os requisitos formais, cujo prop\u00f3sito \u00e9 refor\u00e7ar o posicionamento adotado pela Uni\u00e3o Europeia em 2013, al\u00e9m de exigir atitudes para a transi\u00e7\u00e3o de ensaios sem animais, n\u00e3o apenas para cosm\u00e9ticos, mas tamb\u00e9m, produtos qu\u00edmicos e outros relacionados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em resposta, a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia (2023) comprometeu-se em realizar medidas para alcan\u00e7ar os objetivos suscitados em prol do bem-estar e da prote\u00e7\u00e3o animal, dentre as quais se destaca: a efetiva\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7\u00f5es j\u00e1 sancionadas no contexto da Uni\u00e3o Europeia quanto \u00e0 proibi\u00e7\u00e3o de comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos provenientes de ensaios com animais; a modifica\u00e7\u00e3o legislativa da Uni\u00e3o Europeia quanto aos produtos qu\u00edmicos; al\u00e9m da moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o biotecnol\u00f3gica regional, vinculada a propostas educativas, informativas e or\u00e7ament\u00e1rias para o incentivo da transi\u00e7\u00e3o almejada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Como muito bem suscitado pelas autoras Ana Paula Barbosa-Fohrmann e Anna Caramuru Pessoa Aubert (2022), \u201ca quest\u00e3o animal est\u00e1 longe de ser resolvida\u201d, todavia, isso n\u00e3o afasta a imprescindibilidade de modificarmos a forma de tratamento dos animais n\u00e3o humanos em diferentes setores, como exemplificam as autoras \u201cno \u00e2mbito da ind\u00fastria de alimentos, da experimenta\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica, do entretenimento, etc.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conclui-se, pois, que os argumentos acerca do uso de animais em ensaios e experimenta\u00e7\u00f5es cient\u00edficas, dentre outros \u00e2mbitos, muito embora n\u00e3o haja um consenso, devem ser considerados para se alcan\u00e7ar um equil\u00edbrio entre a Humanidade e a Natureza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFER\u00caNCIAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ALMEIDA, Isabel F., et al. Regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o dos produtos cosm\u00e9ticos: uma perspectiva da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal e na Uni\u00e3o Europeia.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/actafarmaceuticaportuguesa.com\/index.php\/afp\/issue\/view\/24\"><strong>Acta Farmac\u00eautica Portuguesa<\/strong><\/a>, vol. 10, n. 1, p. 4-18, 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/actafarmaceuticaportuguesa.com\/index.php\/afp\/article\/view\/243\">https:\/\/actafarmaceuticaportuguesa.com\/index.php\/afp\/article\/view\/243<\/a>. Acesso em: 15 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BARBOSA-FOHRMANN, Ana Paula; AUBERT, Anna Caramuru Pessoa. Eles sofrem? Por um novo tratamento moral dos animais n\u00e3o humanos.&nbsp;<strong>RJLB<\/strong>. Curso de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Direito dos Animais. Ano 8 (2022), n. 1, p. 185-219. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ana-Barbosa-Fohrmann\/publication\/360822733_ELES_SOFREM_POR_UM_NOVO_TRATAMENTO_MORAL_DOS_ANIMAIS_NAO_HUMANOS\/links\/628cedd2345118162aa2e644\/ELES-SOFREM-POR-UM-NOVO-TRATAMENTO-MORAL-DOS-ANIMAIS-NAO-HUMANOS.pdf. Acesso em: 15 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EUROPEAN Commission,&nbsp;<strong>EC<\/strong>.<em>&nbsp;Commission acts to accelerate phasing out of animal testing in response to a European Citizens&#8217; Initiative<\/em>.&nbsp;Bruxelas &#8211; B\u00e9lgica, 2023. Portal. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_23_3993\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_23_3993<\/a>.&nbsp;Acesso em: 15 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EUROPEAN Commission,&nbsp;<strong>EC<\/strong>.<em>&nbsp;Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force<\/em>.&nbsp;Bruxelas &#8211; B\u00e9lgica, 2013. Portal. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/IP_13_210\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/IP_13_210<\/a>.&nbsp;Acesso em: 15 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Vers\u00e3o em ingl\u00eas<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong>The animal issue: European Commission strengthens action to phase out animal testing in response to the European Citizens&#8217; Initiative<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Text and translation by&nbsp;Izabella Vieira Nunes, master&#8217;s degree student in Law School, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, CAPES scholarship, Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The prohibition of animal testing is a topic that divides opinions on the global scene, although there is a certain agreement on the prohibition of maleficence caused to non-human animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, in 2013, the European Union banned the marketing of cosmetics whose manufacturer performs animal testing to promote and encourage animal welfare (EC, 2013). However, this action was not enough to, in fact, prohibit cruelty perpetrated against animals in experiments and product testing for human benefit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At this juncture, a European Citizens&#8217; Initiative (Save cruelty-free cosmetics &#8211; commit to a Europe without animal testing) was proposed to the European Commission, fulfilling the formal requirements, whose purpose is to reinforce the position adopted by the European Union in 2013, in addition to demanding attitudes towards the transition to animal-free testing, not only for cosmetics but also for chemical and other related products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In response, the European Commission (2023) undertook to carry out measures to achieve the objectives raised in favor of animal welfare and protection, among which the following stand out: the implementation of actions already sanctioned in the context of the European Union regarding the ban on the marketing of products from animal testing; the legislative modification of the European Union regarding chemical products; in addition to regional biotechnological modernization, linked to educational, informative and budgetary proposals to encourage the desired transition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As very well raised by the authors Ana Paula Barbosa-Fohrmann and Anna Caramuru Pessoa Aubert (2022), &#8220;the animal issue is far from being resolved&#8221;, However, this does not remove the need to change the way we treat nonhuman animals in different sectors, as exemplified by the authors &#8220;in the food industry, scientific experimentation, entertainment, etc.&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is concluded, therefore, that the arguments about the use of animals in scientific trials and experiments, among other areas, although there is no agreement, should be considered to achieve a balance between Humanity and Nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ALMEIDA, Isabel F., et al. Regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o dos produtos cosm\u00e9ticos: uma perspectiva da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal e na Uni\u00e3o Europeia.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/actafarmaceuticaportuguesa.com\/index.php\/afp\/issue\/view\/24\"><strong>Acta Farmac\u00eautica Portuguesa<\/strong><\/a>, vol. 10, n. 1, p. 4-18, 2021. Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/actafarmaceuticaportuguesa.com\/index.php\/afp\/article\/view\/243\">https:\/\/actafarmaceuticaportuguesa.com\/index.php\/afp\/article\/view\/243<\/a>. Access at: Ago. 15, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BARBOSA-FOHRMANN, Ana Paula; AUBERT, Anna Caramuru Pessoa. Eles sofrem? Por um novo tratamento moral dos animais n\u00e3o humanos.&nbsp;<strong>RJLB<\/strong>. Curso de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Direito dos Animais. Ano 8 (2022), n. 1, p. 185-219.&nbsp;Available at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ana-Barbosa-Fohrmann\/publication\/360822733_ELES_SOFREM_POR_UM_NOVO_TRATAMENTO_MORAL_DOS_ANIMAIS_NAO_HUMANOS\/links\/628cedd2345118162aa2e644\/ELES-SOFREM-POR-UM-NOVO-TRATAMENTO-MORAL-DOS-ANIMAIS-NAO-HUMANOS.pdf. Access at: Ago. 15, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EUROPEAN Commission,&nbsp;<strong>EC<\/strong>.<em>&nbsp;Commission acts to accelerate phasing out of animal testing in response to a European Citizens&#8217; Initiative<\/em>.&nbsp;Bruxelas &#8211; B\u00e9lgica, 2023. Portal. Available at:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_23_3993\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_23_3993<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 15, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EUROPEAN Commission,&nbsp;<strong>EC<\/strong>.<em>&nbsp;Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force<\/em>.&nbsp;Bruxelas &#8211; B\u00e9lgica, 2013. Portal. Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/IP_13_210\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/IP_13_210<\/a>.&nbsp;Access at: Ago. 15, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>Chips Act<\/em><\/strong><strong>: o Conselho Europeu aprova o Regulamento dos Circuitos Integrados.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Texto e tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre de&nbsp;Izabella Vieira Nunes, mestranda na Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), bolsista CAPES\/BRASIL<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e3o \u00e9 uma novidade que a pandemia de COVID-19 provocou mudan\u00e7as significativas na economia global, provenientes dos desafios instigados durante o per\u00edodo de crise. Dentre os segmentos afetados no contexto europeu, destaca-se a proje\u00e7\u00e3o e desenvolvimento de circuitos integrados.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Segundo not\u00edcia veiculada ao site do Conselho da Uni\u00e3o Europeia (2023), esses circuitos integrados s\u00e3o \u201cpequenos dispositivos compostos por semicondutores [&#8230;] e com capacidade para armazenar grandes quantidades de informa\u00e7\u00e3o ou realizar opera\u00e7\u00f5es matem\u00e1ticas e l\u00f3gicas\u201d. Desta forma, sua aplica\u00e7\u00e3o para o aprimoramento e uso das tecnologias \u00e9 elementar, motivo pelo qual a independ\u00eancia na produ\u00e7\u00e3o destes dispositivos revela-se fundamental para a economia daquela regi\u00e3o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As tecnologias provenientes dos circuitos integrados s\u00e3o utilizadas, n\u00e3o apenas na intelig\u00eancia artificial ou redes de conex\u00e3o 5G, mas tamb\u00e9m os setores estrat\u00e9gicos, tais como sa\u00fade, energia e seguran\u00e7a sofreram os impactos da escassez do fornecimento do material.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nesta perspectiva, o Regulamento dos Circuitos Integrados, aprovado pelo Conselho (2023), refor\u00e7a as estrat\u00e9gias industriais ao minimizar a depend\u00eancia do abastecimento estrangeiro, a fim de expandir eventuais oportunidades mercadol\u00f3gicas, al\u00e9m de incentivar a abertura de vagas de empregos, de modo a refor\u00e7ar a soberania tecnol\u00f3gica regional.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFER\u00caNCIAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EUROPEAN Council.&nbsp;<strong>Council of the European Union<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>Chips Act: Council gives its final approval<\/em>.&nbsp;[<em>S. l.<\/em>], 2023. Portal. Dispon\u00edvel em:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/pt\/press\/press-releases\/2023\/07\/25\/chips-act-council-gives-its-final-approval\/\">https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/pt\/press\/press-releases\/2023\/07\/25\/chips-act-council-gives-its-final-approval\/<\/a>. Acesso em:&nbsp;15 ago. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Vers\u00e3o em ingl\u00eas<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chips Act: The European Council approves the Integrated Circuits Regulation.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Text and translation by&nbsp;Izabella Vieira Nunes, master&#8217;s degree student in Law School, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, CAPES scholarship, Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is no news that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant changes in the global economy, stemming from the challenges instigated during the crisis period. Among the segments affected in the European context, the design and development of integrated circuits stands out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the Council of the European Union website (2023), these integrated circuits are &#8220;small devices composed of semiconductors [&#8230;] and capable of storing large amounts of information or performing mathematical and logical operations&#8221;. Therefore, their application for the improvement and use of technologies is elementary, which is why independence in the production of these devices is fundamental for the economy of that region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Technologies from integrated circuits are used not only in artificial intelligence or 5G networks but also in strategic sectors such as health, energy, and security have suffered the impacts of shortages in the supply of the material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this perspective, the Integrated Circuits Regulation, approved by the Council (2023), reinforces industrial strategies by minimizing dependence on foreign supply to expand possible market opportunities, as well as encouraging job openings, to strengthen regional technological sovereignty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EUROPEAN Council.&nbsp;<strong>Council of the European Union<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>Chips Act: Council gives its final approval<\/em>. [<em>S. l.<\/em>], 2023. Portal. Available at:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/pt\/press\/press-releases\/2023\/07\/25\/chips-act-council-gives-its-final-approval\/\">https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/pt\/press\/press-releases\/2023\/07\/25\/chips-act-council-gives-its-final-approval\/<\/a>. Access at: Ago. 15, 2023.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PROJETO GLOBAL CROSSINGS C\u00c1TEDRA JEAN MONNET\/UFU COORDENA\u00c7\u00c3O: PROFA. CLAUDIA LOUREIRO NEWSLETTER AGOSTO\/2023 SE\u00c7\u00c3O 1 EIXO TRANSHUMANIDADE Texto e tradu\u00e7\u00e3o livre de Marcela Bittencourt Brey, Mestre em Direitos Humanos pela Faculdade de Direito da USP, Pesquisadora do Projeto&nbsp;Global Crossings&nbsp;da Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia, C\u00e1tedra Jean Monnet \u2013 Uni\u00e3o Europeia. Mahsa Amini, tinha vinte e dois anos [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,5,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en-newsletter","category-newsletter","category-ptbr-newsletter"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=766"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":767,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/766\/revisions\/767"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}