{"id":522,"date":"2023-04-19T11:23:28","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T14:23:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/?p=522"},"modified":"2023-05-03T12:53:20","modified_gmt":"2023-05-03T15:53:20","slug":"analise-do-mandado-de-prisao-contra-vladimir-putin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/2023\/04\/19\/analise-do-mandado-de-prisao-contra-vladimir-putin\/","title":{"rendered":"An\u00e1lise do mandado de pris\u00e3o contra Vladimir Putin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Para inaugurar o Observat\u00f3rio Interamericano e Europeu dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel da C\u00e1tedra Jean Monnet\/UFU, a Profa. Claudia Loureiro, Coordenadora da C\u00e1tedra, analisa o mandado de pris\u00e3o emitido pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional contra o Presidente da R\u00fassia, Vladimir Putin e sua Comiss\u00e1ria, Lvova-Belova.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em 17 de mar\u00e7o de 2023, o Tribunal Penal Internacional emitiu mandado de pris\u00e3o contra o Presidente da R\u00fassia, Vladimir Putin, e contra Lvova-Belova, Comiss\u00e1ria para os Direitos das Crian\u00e7as, do Gabinete do Presidente Russo, sob a alega\u00e7\u00e3o de que ambos cometeram crimes de guerra ao transferirem crian\u00e7as da Ucr\u00e2nia para a R\u00fassia, no contexto da guerra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para se compreender a import\u00e2ncia da expedi\u00e7\u00e3o do mandado de pris\u00e3o em an\u00e1lise, \u00e9 preciso fazer uma breve introdu\u00e7\u00e3o sobre os principais aspectos do Tribunal Penal Internacional. O tema pode ser consultado em artigo publicado pela Coordenadora da C\u00e1tedra: LOUREIRO, Claudia. A jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal do Tribunal Penal Internacional e o deslocamento for\u00e7ado do Povo Rohingya: o caso Myanmar v. Bangladesh do TPI. Revista Direito, Estado e Sociedade<\/strong>, n. 59, p. 145-171, 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/revistades.jur.puc-rio.br\/index.php\/revistades\/article\/view\/1410\/699<\/a>. Acesso em: 3 ab. de 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Tribunal Penal Internacional \u00e9 um tribunal internacional, com sede em Haia, constitu\u00eddo pelo Estatuto de Roma, de 1998, que entrou em vigor em 2002, ap\u00f3s a ratifica\u00e7\u00e3o de 60 Estados. O Tribunal tem jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o para investigar e julgar indiv\u00edduos acusados de genoc\u00eddio, crimes contra a humanidade, crimes de guerra e crimes de agress\u00e3o, sendo composto por quatro \u00f3rg\u00e3os: Presid\u00eancia, Se\u00e7\u00f5es Judiciais (Recursos, Julgamento e 1\u00aa Inst\u00e2ncia e Instru\u00e7\u00e3o), Promotoria e Secretariado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Promotoria do TPI \u00e9 um \u00f3rg\u00e3o aut\u00f4nomo, independente e respons\u00e1vel pela investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e pelo exerc\u00edcio da a\u00e7\u00e3o penal. Sua coordena\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 exercida por um Procurador, eleito pela Assembleia dos Estados-parte, para um mandato de 9 anos. Al\u00e9m disso, o Tribunal \u00e9 composto por 18 magistrados, eleitos pela Assembleia dos Estados-parte para um mandato de 9 anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As investiga\u00e7\u00f5es, no TPI, podem ter in\u00edcio de tr\u00eas formas: por den\u00fancia de um Estado-parte do ER; por encaminhamento do Conselho de Seguran\u00e7a da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas; ou por investiga\u00e7\u00e3o iniciada de of\u00edcio pela Promotoria. O encaminhamento pelo CSONU permite a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e o julgamento de crimes sem v\u00ednculo territorial ou de nacionalidade ativa de um Estado-parte no ER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Tribunal tamb\u00e9m poder\u00e1 exercer a sua jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o se um Estado aceit\u00e1-la por declara\u00e7\u00e3o expressa para a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e o julgamento de crimes cometidos em seu territ\u00f3rio ou por seus nacionais, postura que foi adotada pela Ucr\u00e2nia em 2015, no contexto dos combates no leste ucraniano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o do TPI \u00e9 exercida em car\u00e1ter subsidi\u00e1rio dos sistemas dos Estados-parte, o que decorre do princ\u00edpio da complementaridade, ou seja, o TPI atuar\u00e1 se os Estados-parte n\u00e3o quiserem, n\u00e3o puderem ou n\u00e3o tiverem condi\u00e7\u00f5es de atuar e de julgar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A R\u00fassia n\u00e3o faz parte do TPI, que n\u00e3o realiza julgamentos \u00e0 revelia. Para haver julgamento, no caso, o indiv\u00edduo deveria ser entregue ao TPI ou ser preso fora da R\u00fassia, o que n\u00e3o ocorrer\u00e1 no caso em tela. Por essa raz\u00e3o, a expedi\u00e7\u00e3o do mandado de pris\u00e3o pelo TPI \u00e9 simb\u00f3lica, mas representa um grande avan\u00e7o para o Direito Internacional, pelas raz\u00f5es a seguir expostas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em primeiro lugar, \u00e9 preciso destacar que a transfer\u00eancia for\u00e7ada em massa de crian\u00e7as ucranianas para a R\u00fassia demonstra o plano do governo russo de minar a hist\u00f3ria e a origem do povo ucraniano, fazendo com que as crian\u00e7as passem por uma fase de acultura\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ainda \u00e9 preciso ressaltar que h\u00e1 ind\u00edcios da pr\u00e1tica de crimes de guerra na Ucr\u00e2nia e que a prote\u00e7\u00e3o das crian\u00e7as, seja em tempos de paz ou de guerra, \u00e9 um imperativo dos DH, que n\u00e3o pode ser relativizado, nem mesmo tolerado pela comunidade internacional, que disp\u00f5e de tratados e conven\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais no sentido de preservar sues direitos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Embora a decis\u00e3o, aparentemente, seja simb\u00f3lica, um mandado de pris\u00e3o emitido contra um l\u00edder do Norte Global \u00e9 um grande avan\u00e7o para um tribunal considerado jovem que processou e condenou, em geral, l\u00edderes oriundos do Sul Global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apesar da R\u00fassia n\u00e3o fazer parte do TPI, os crimes foram praticados dentro do territ\u00f3rio ucraniano, que aceitou a jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o do TPI para os crimes praticados em seu territ\u00f3rio, no leste ucraniano, em 2015. Considerando-se que o atual conflito tem origens na Primavera Ucraniana, palco dos crimes praticados a partir daquele ano, objeto da declara\u00e7\u00e3o da Ucr\u00e2nia de aceita\u00e7\u00e3o da jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o do TPI, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel afirmar que existem fundamentos para a incid\u00eancia da jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o do TPI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para o entendimento do caso, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel recordar o precedente do Caso do Povo Rohingya do TPI, que discutiu os fundamentos para a incid\u00eancia da jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o do TPI para os crimes praticados no territ\u00f3rio de Myanmar, que n\u00e3o \u00e9 parte do ER, mas que continuaram a ser perpetrados no territ\u00f3rio de Bangladesh, que \u00e9 parte do ER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A an\u00e1lise do caso foi feita pela Coordenadora da C\u00e1tedra, a Profa. Claudia Loureiro (2021, p. 154) que assim pontuou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para corroborar a tese de que o Tribunal Penal Internacional pode exercer a jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal no caso do Povo Rohingya, aplica-se a ideia de que, embora a pr\u00e1tica dos atos coercitivos de deporta\u00e7\u00e3o tenha ocorri- do no territ\u00f3rio de um Estado que n\u00e3o \u00e9 parte no Estatuto de Roma, pelo menos um elemento essencial para a caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o do crime ultrapassou a fronteira nacional e gerou efeitos no territ\u00f3rio de um outro pa\u00eds, Bangladesh, que \u00e9 parte do Estatuto de Roma de 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assim, por analogia, pode-se afirmar que os mesmos fundamentos usados para o Caso do Povo Rohingya podem ser usados para o caso da Ucr\u00e2nia. Sob esta perspectiva, j\u00e1 haveria a possibilidade de incid\u00eancia da jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o do TPI no caso da Guerra da Ucr\u00e2nia. Al\u00e9m disso, 43 Estados-parte do ER,  com fundamento no Artigo 14 do documento, apresentaram den\u00fancia ao Procurador acerca dos crimes praticados no territ\u00f3rio da Ucr\u00e2nia, desde 21 de novembro de 2013, o que motivou a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da Procuradoria do TPI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por todo o exposto, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel afirmar que o mandado de pris\u00e3o emitido contra Putin e sua Comiss\u00e1ria tem forte impacto no Direito Internacional e representa um avan\u00e7o para a preven\u00e7\u00e3o e para a puni\u00e7\u00e3o dos crimes mais odiosos cometidos contra a humanidade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9 o come\u00e7o da mudan\u00e7a de paradigma da narrativa estatoc\u00eantrica e hegem\u00f4nica, que impera no mundo e que permite a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o e a viola\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos humanos, para um porvir mais conectado \u00e0 preserva\u00e7\u00e3o dos DH e dos interesses da humanidade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

REFER\u00caNCIAS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

LOUREIRO, Claudia. A jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal do Tribunal Penal Internacional e o deslocamento for\u00e7ado do Povo Rohingya: o caso Myanmar v. Bangladesh do TPI. Revista Direito, Estado e Sociedade<\/strong>, n. 59, p. 145-171, 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/revistades.jur.puc-rio.br\/index.php\/revistades\/article\/view\/1410\/699<\/a>. Acesso em: 3 ab. de 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BIAZATTI, Bruno de Oliveira. Tribunal Penal Internacional emite mandado de pris\u00e3o contra Vladimir Putin. International Law Agendas. ILA-Brasil<\/strong>. Dispon\u00edvel em http:\/\/ila-brasil.org.br\/blog\/tribunal-penal-internacional-emite-mandado-de-prisao-contra-vladimir-putin\/<\/a>. Acesso em: 3 ab. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To inaugurate the Jean Monnet Chair’s Inter-American and European Sustainable Development Goals Observatory, Professor Claudia Loureiro, Chair Coordinator, analyzes the arrest warrant issued by the International Criminal Court against Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Commissioner, Lvova-Belova.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On March 17, 2023, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants against Russian President Vladimir Putin and Lvova-Belova, Commissioner for Children’s Rights in the Russian President’s Office, on the grounds that they both committed war crimes by transferring children from Ukraine to Russia in the context of the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To understand the importance of the issuance of the arrest warrant under review, it is necessary to give a brief introduction to the main aspects of the International Criminal Court. The subject can be consulted in an article published by the Chair’s Coordinator: LOUREIRO, Claudia. A jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal do Tribunal Penal Internacional e o deslocamento for\u00e7ado do Povo Rohingya: o caso Myanmar v. Bangladesh do TPI. Revista Direito, Estado e Sociedade<\/strong>, n. 59, p. 145-171, 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/revistades.jur.puc-rio.br\/index.php\/revistades\/article\/view\/1410\/699<\/a>. Acesso em: 3 ab. de 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The International Criminal Court is an international court, based in The Hague, constituted by the 1998 Rome Statute, which entered into force in 2002, following ratification by 60 states. The Court has jurisdiction to investigate and try individuals accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression, and is composed of four bodies: Presidency, Judicial Sections (Appeals, Trial and 1st Instance and Instruction), Prosecution and Secretariat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ICC Prosecutor’s Office is an autonomous, independent body responsible for investigation and prosecution. Its coordination is exercised by a Prosecutor, elected by the Assembly of States Parties for a 9-year term. In addition, the Court is composed of 18 magistrates, elected by the Assembly of States Parties for a 9-year term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Investigations at the ICC can be initiated in three ways: by complaint by a state party to the RE; by referral from the United Nations Security Council; or by an investigation initiated ex officio by the Prosecutor’s Office. The referral by the UNSC allows for the investigation and prosecution of crimes without territorial attachment or active nationality of a State Party to the RE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The Court may also exercise its jurisdiction if a state accepts it by express declaration for the investigation and prosecution of crimes committed on its territory or by its nationals, a stance that was adopted by Ukraine in 2015 in the context of the fighting in eastern Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The jurisdiction of the ICC is exercised in a subsidiary capacity to the systems of the states parties, which follows from the principle of complementarity, i.e., the ICC will act if the states parties are unwilling or unable to act and judge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russia is not part of the ICC, which does not conduct trials in absentia. For there to be a trial, in this case, the individual would have to be surrendered to the ICC or arrested outside of Russia, which will not happen in this case. For this reason, the issuing of the arrest warrant by the ICC is symbolic, but represents a great advance for International Law, for the following reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, it should be noted that the mass forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia demonstrates the Russian government’s plan to undermine the history and origin of the Ukrainian people by putting the children through a phase of acculturation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It should also be noted that there is evidence of war crimes in Ukraine and that the protection of children, whether in times of peace or war, is a human rights imperative that cannot be relativized or even tolerated by the international community, which has international treaties and conventions to preserve their rights. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the decision is apparently symbolic, an arrest warrant issued against a leader from the Global North is a great advance for a court considered to be young that has generally prosecuted and convicted leaders from the Global South.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although Russia is not part of the ICC, the crimes were committed within Ukrainian territory, which accepted the ICC’s jurisdiction for crimes committed on its territory in eastern Ukraine in 2015. Considering that the current conflict has its origins in the Ukrainian Spring, the scene of the crimes committed from that year onwards, the object of Ukraine’s declaration of acceptance of the ICC’s jurisdiction, it is possible to state that there are grounds for the incidence of the ICC’s jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the understanding of the case, it is possible to recall the precedent of the ICC Rohingya People’s Case, which discussed the grounds for the incidence of ICC jurisdiction for crimes committed in the territory of Myanmar, which is not part of the RE, but which continued to be perpetrated in the territory of Bangladesh, which is part of the RE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The analysis of the case was made by the Chair’s Coordinator, Prof. Claudia Loureiro (2021, p. 154) who pointed out thus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n


To corroborate the thesis that the International Criminal Court can exercise universal jurisdiction in the case of the Rohingya People, the idea applies that, although the practice of the coercive acts of deportation occurred in the territory of a state that is not a party to the Rome Statute, at least one essential element for the characterization of the crime crossed the national border and generated effects in the territory of another country, Bangladesh, which is a party to the Rome Statute of 1988. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thus, by analogy, it can be said that the same grounds used for the Case of the Rohingya People can be used for the case of Ukraine. From this perspective, there would already be the possibility of the incidence of the ICC’s jurisdiction in the case of the Ukraine War. In addition, 43 states parties to the RE, on the basis of Article 14 of the document, have filed complaints with the Prosecutor about crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine since November 21, 2013, which motivated the investigation of the ICC Prosecutor’s Office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For all the above, it is possible to state that the arrest warrant issued against Putin and his Commissioner has a strong impact on International Law and represents a breakthrough for the prevention and punishment of the most heinous crimes committed against humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is the beginning of the paradigm shift from the statocentric and hegemonic narrative, which rules the world and allows the degradation and violation of human rights, to a future more connected to the preservation of human rights and the interests of humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n



REFERENCES
<\/strong>
LOUREIRO, Claudia. A jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o universal do Tribunal Penal Internacional e o deslocamento for\u00e7ado do Povo Rohingya: o caso Myanmar v. Bangladesh do TPI. Revista Direito, Estado e Sociedade<\/strong>, n. 59, p. 145-171, 2021. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/revistades.jur.puc-rio.br\/index.php\/revistades\/article\/view\/1410\/699<\/a>. Acesso em: 3 ab. de 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BIAZATTI, Bruno de Oliveira. Tribunal Penal Internacional emite mandado de pris\u00e3o contra Vladimir Putin. International Law Agendas. ILA-Brasil<\/strong>. Dispon\u00edvel em http:\/\/ila-brasil.org.br\/blog\/tribunal-penal-internacional-emite-mandado-de-prisao-contra-vladimir-putin\/<\/a>. Acesso em: 3 ab. 2023.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Para inaugurar o Observat\u00f3rio Interamericano e Europeu dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel da C\u00e1tedra Jean Monnet\/UFU, a Profa. Claudia Loureiro, Coordenadora da C\u00e1tedra, analisa o mandado de pris\u00e3o emitido pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional contra o Presidente da R\u00fassia, Vladimir Putin e sua Comiss\u00e1ria, Lvova-Belova. Em 17 de mar\u00e7o de 2023, o Tribunal Penal Internacional emitiu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":525,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,12],"tags":[9],"class_list":["post-522","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-newsletter","category-ptbr-newsletter","tag-portugues"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/522","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=522"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/522\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":523,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/522\/revisions\/523"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=522"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=522"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=522"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}