{"id":1166,"date":"2025-05-22T15:24:35","date_gmt":"2025-05-22T18:24:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/?p=1166"},"modified":"2025-05-22T15:24:35","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T18:24:35","slug":"o-parecer-consultivo-da-cij-de-2024-sobre-a-palestina-perspetivas-do-direito-internacional-dos-direitos-humanos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/2025\/05\/22\/o-parecer-consultivo-da-cij-de-2024-sobre-a-palestina-perspetivas-do-direito-internacional-dos-direitos-humanos\/","title":{"rendered":"O Parecer Consultivo da CIJ de 2024 sobre a Palestina: Perspetivas do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Catherine Maia[1]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f3nia Novais Santos[2]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enquanto a viol\u00eancia em Gaza continua intensa desde o ataque do Hamas ao territ\u00f3rio israelense em 7 de outubro de 2023, a Corte Internacional de Justi\u00e7a (CIJ) foi acionada em v\u00e1rias frentes para reafirmar a for\u00e7a do direito internacional. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00eas processos est\u00e3o atualmente pendentes: a a\u00e7\u00e3o movida em dezembro de 2023 pela \u00c1frica do Sul contra Israel pela alegada viola\u00e7\u00e3o da Conven\u00e7\u00e3o para a Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e Repress\u00e3o do Crime de Genoc\u00eddio na Faixa de Gaza; o caso iniciado em mar\u00e7o de 2024 pela Nicar\u00e1gua contra a Alemanha por supostas falhas no cumprimento de certas obriga\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais relativas ao Territ\u00f3rio Palestiniano Ocupado, sendo este pa\u00eds o segundo maior fornecedor de armas a Israel; e um pedido de parecer consultivo apresentado em mar\u00e7o de 2025 pela Assembleia Geral das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es de Israel relativas \u00e0 presen\u00e7a e \u00e0s atividades da ONU, de outras organiza\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais e de Estados terceiros no Territ\u00f3rio Palestiniano Ocupado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na expectativa do resultado destes processos, foi num contexto geopol\u00edtico particularmente tenso no M\u00e9dio Oriente que a CIJ emitiu, em 19 de julho de 2024, um parecer consultivo de grande import\u00e2ncia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Solicitada pela Assembleia Geral, a Corte foi chamada a se pronunciar sobre as consequ\u00eancias jur\u00eddicas da ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o prolongada do Territ\u00f3rio Palestiniano por Israel, incluindo Jerusal\u00e9m Oriental.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No seu parecer, a Corte reafirma a aplicabilidade dos instrumentos internacionais de prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos humanos \u2013 especialmente o Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Civis e Pol\u00edticos (PIDCP), o Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Econ\u00f3micos, Sociais e Culturais (PIDESC) e a Conven\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional sobre a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de Todas as Formas de Discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o Racial (CERD) \u2013 aos territ\u00f3rios ocupados. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Israel, como pot\u00eancia ocupante, permanece juridicamente respons\u00e1vel pelas viola\u00e7\u00f5es cometidas no \u00e2mbito de seu controle efetivo do territ\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O parecer destaca as m\u00faltiplas viola\u00e7\u00f5es ao direito de autodetermina\u00e7\u00e3o, aos direitos civis, econ\u00f3micos e culturais, bem como ao princ\u00edpio fundamental da igualdade. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A cont\u00ednua coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o, a fragmenta\u00e7\u00e3o territorial, a expropria\u00e7\u00e3o de recursos e a discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o institucionalizada contra os palestinianos configuram uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o estruturalmente incompat\u00edvel com o direito internacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para al\u00e9m desta constata\u00e7\u00e3o, a Corte sublinha a necessidade de repara\u00e7\u00f5es efetivas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em conformidade com o direito da responsabilidade internacional, Israel tem a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o de cessar os atos il\u00edcitos, garantir que eles n\u00e3o se repitam e reparar integralmente os danos causados. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Essas repara\u00e7\u00f5es devem abranger tanto as perdas materiais quanto as viola\u00e7\u00f5es dos direitos individuais e coletivos, por meio de restitui\u00e7\u00e3o, indemniza\u00e7\u00e3o ou medidas de satisfa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por fim, a CIJ afirma com firmeza que essa situa\u00e7\u00e3o implica a responsabilidade de todos os Estados. Estes t\u00eam a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00e3o reconhecer como l\u00edcita tal ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o, de n\u00e3o prestar qualquer ajuda ou assist\u00eancia para sua manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e de cooperar para lhe p\u00f4r termo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O parecer abre, assim, caminho para mecanismos de solidariedade internacional, incluindo formas de repara\u00e7\u00e3o coletiva ou iniciativas multilaterais em apoio aos direitos do povo palestiniano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ao articular claramente o reconhecimento das viola\u00e7\u00f5es, a exig\u00eancia de repara\u00e7\u00e3o e a responsabilidade da comunidade internacional, a Corte reafirma o papel central do direito internacional como instrumento de justi\u00e7a e de paz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para al\u00e9m do seu significado simb\u00f3lico, este parecer constitui, assim, um apelo jur\u00eddico \u00e0 a\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9 com especial honra que contribuo para este artigo em coautoria com a Professora Doutora Catherine Maia, de quem fui aluna em Direito Internacional, no Doutoramento em Direito, cuja not\u00e1vel trajet\u00f3ria acad\u00e9mica e vasta experi\u00eancia na esfera internacional a consagram como uma das mais proeminentes refer\u00eancias da investiga\u00e7\u00e3o jur\u00eddica contempor\u00e2nea. O reconhecimento da sua excel\u00eancia cientifica foi recentemente reafirmado pela pr\u00f3pria CIJ, que a citou no parecer consultivo de 19.07.2024 (dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/186\/186-20240719-adv-01-14-en.pdf<\/a> ), refor\u00e7ando a centralidade do seu pensamento na evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do Direito Internacional e dos Direitos Humanos.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Refer\u00eancias<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

MAIA, Catherine. <\/strong>Guerre \u00e0 Gaza: Isra\u00ebl accus\u00e9 de \u201cg\u00e9nocide\u201d par l\u2019Afrique du Sud devant la Cour internationale de Justice, Journal du droit transnational<\/em>, 18\/01\/2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/journaldudroittransnational.it\/guerre-a-gaza-israel-accusee-de-genocide-par-lafrique-du-sud-devant-la-cour-internationale-de-justice\/<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MAIA, Catherine; POISSONNIER, Ghislain.<\/strong> Avis de la CIJ de 2024 relatif \u00e0 l\u2019occupation du Territoire palestinien: une analyse au prisme du droit international des droits humains, Revue des droits de l\u2019homme<\/em>, 10\/2024. Dispon\u00edvel em:https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/revdh\/21023<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A.<\/strong> Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. Advisory Opinion<\/em>, 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/index.php\/fr\/affaire\/186<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A.<\/strong> Parecer consultivo de 19 de julho de 2024, com cita\u00e7\u00e3o da Professora Doutora Catherine Maia. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/186\/186-20240719-adv-01-14-en.pdf<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Casos pendentes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Application de la convention pour la pr\u00e9vention et la r\u00e9pression du crime de g\u00e9nocide dans la bande de Gaza (Afrique du Sud c. Isra\u00ebl) ou encore du Nicaragua contre l\u2019Allemagne pour <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manquements all\u00e9gu\u00e9s \u00e0 certaines obligations internationales relativement au Territoire palestinien occup\u00e9 (Nicaragua c. Allemagne)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obligations d\u2019Isra\u00ebl en ce qui concerne la pr\u00e9sence et les activit\u00e9s de l\u2019Organisation des Nations Unies, d\u2019autres organisations internationales et d\u2019\u00c9tats tiers dans le Territoire palestinien occup\u00e9 et en lien avec celui-ci<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Catherine Maia – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9710-4655<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> S\u00f3nia Novais Santos – https:\/\/www.cienciavitae.pt\/portal\/pt\/0A17-453E-120C<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2024 ICJ Advisory Opinion on Palestine: International Human Rights Law Perspectives<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Catherine Maia[1]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  S\u00f3nia Novais Santos[2]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the violence in Gaza continues to rage since the Hamas attack on Israeli territory on 7 October 2023, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has been activated on several fronts to reaffirm the force of international law. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three cases are currently pending: the lawsuit filed in December 2023 by South Africa against Israel for the alleged violation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip; the case filed in March 2024 by Nicaragua against Germany for alleged failures to fulfil certain international obligations regarding the Occupied Palestinian Territory, this country being the second largest arms supplier to Israel; and a request for an advisory opinion submitted in March 2025 by the United Nations General Assembly on Israel’s obligations regarding the presence and activities of the UN, other international organisations and third states in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pending the outcome of these proceedings, it was in a particularly tense geopolitical context in the Middle East that the ICJ issued a major advisory opinion on 19 July 2024. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the request of the General Assembly, the Court was asked to rule on the legal consequences of Israel’s prolonged occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In its opinion, the Court reaffirms the applicability of the international instruments protecting human rights – especially the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) – to the occupied territories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Israel, as the occupying power, remains legally responsible for the violations committed within the framework of its effective control of the territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The opinion highlights the multiple violations of the right to self-determination, civil, economic and cultural rights, as well as the fundamental principle of equality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The continuous colonisation, territorial fragmentation, expropriation of resources and institutionalised discrimination against the Palestinians constitute a situation that is structurally incompatible with international law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to this finding, the Court emphasises the need for effective reparations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In accordance with the law of international responsibility, Israel has an obligation to cease the illegal acts, to ensure that they are not repeated and to make full reparation for the damage caused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These reparations must cover both material losses and violations of individual and collective rights, through restitution, compensation or measures of satisfaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, the ICJ firmly states that this situation implies the responsibility of all states. They have an obligation not to recognise this occupation as lawful, not to provide any aid or assistance to maintain it and to cooperate in putting an end to it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The opinion thus paves the way for mechanisms of international solidarity, including forms of collective reparation or multilateral initiatives in support of the rights of the Palestinian people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By clearly articulating the recognition of violations, the demand for reparation and the responsibility of the international community, the Court reaffirms the central role of international law as an instrument of justice and peace. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyond its symbolic significance, this opinion thus constitutes a legal call to action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is with special honour that I contribute to this article in co-authorship with Professor Catherine Maia, whose academic career and vast experience in the international sphere make her one of the most prominent references in contemporary legal research. The recognition of her scientific excellence was recently reaffirmed by the ICJ itself, which cited her in its advisory opinion of 19 July 2024 (available at https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/186\/186-20240719-adv-01-14-en.pdf<\/a>), reinforcing the centrality of her thinking in the evolution of international law and human rights.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

MAIA, Catherine. <\/strong>Guerre \u00e0 Gaza: Isra\u00ebl accus\u00e9 de \u201cg\u00e9nocide\u201d par l\u2019Afrique du Sud devant la Cour internationale de Justice, Journal du droit transnational<\/em>, 18\/01\/2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/journaldudroittransnational.it\/guerre-a-gaza-israel-accusee-de-genocide-par-lafrique-du-sud-devant-la-cour-internationale-de-justice\/<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MAIA, Catherine; POISSONNIER, Ghislain.<\/strong> Avis de la CIJ de 2024 relatif \u00e0 l\u2019occupation du Territoire palestinien: une analyse au prisme du droit international des droits humains, Revue des droits de l\u2019homme<\/em>, 10\/2024. Dispon\u00edvel em:https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/revdh\/21023<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A.<\/strong> Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. Advisory Opinion<\/em>, 2024. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/index.php\/fr\/affaire\/186<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTI\u00c7A.<\/strong> Parecer consultivo de 19 de julho de 2024, com cita\u00e7\u00e3o da Professora Doutora Catherine Maia. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/186\/186-20240719-adv-01-14-en.pdf<\/a> (acesso em 22.04.2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Casos pendentes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Application de la convention pour la pr\u00e9vention et la r\u00e9pression du crime de g\u00e9nocide dans la bande de Gaza (Afrique du Sud c. Isra\u00ebl) ou encore du Nicaragua contre l\u2019Allemagne pour <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manquements all\u00e9gu\u00e9s \u00e0 certaines obligations internationales relativement au Territoire palestinien occup\u00e9 (Nicaragua c. Allemagne)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obligations d\u2019Isra\u00ebl en ce qui concerne la pr\u00e9sence et les activit\u00e9s de l\u2019Organisation des Nations Unies, d\u2019autres organisations internationales et d\u2019\u00c9tats tiers dans le Territoire palestinien occup\u00e9 et en lien avec celui-ci<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Catherine Maia – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9710-4655<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> S\u00f3nia Novais Santos – https:\/\/www.cienciavitae.pt\/portal\/pt\/0A17-453E-120C<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Catherine Maia[1] S\u00f3nia Novais Santos[2] Enquanto a viol\u00eancia em Gaza continua intensa desde o ataque do Hamas ao territ\u00f3rio israelense em 7 de outubro de 2023, a Corte Internacional de Justi\u00e7a (CIJ) foi acionada em v\u00e1rias frentes para reafirmar a for\u00e7a do direito internacional.  Tr\u00eas processos est\u00e3o atualmente pendentes: a a\u00e7\u00e3o movida em dezembro de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1090,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,5,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en-newsletter","category-newsletter","category-ptbr-newsletter"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1166"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1167,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1166\/revisions\/1167"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1090"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalcrossings.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}